5b - london Flashcards
(24 cards)
London general facts
- on the flat floodplain of the River Thames
- 20% of the UK’s income comes from London
- two major airports - Heathrow and Gatwick, and easy access to Europe via the Channel Tunnel
- world city with important financial centres and foreign banks
describe London’s CBD
- the City of London
- it’s commercial with expensive land, and high building density
- some parks, malls, offices
describe London’s inner city
- higher AND lower class residential
- both older and modern areas, with high building densities
- some places with poor environmental quality, but being redeveloped
describe London’s suburbs
- e.g Kingston upton Thames
- middle class residential with semi-detatched housing, shops, restaurants, green space etc
describe London’s rural-urban fringe
- high class residential AND industrial
- large houses surrounded by countryside
- industries include oil refineries, manufacturing etc.
how is migration influencing London?
- younger migrants bring families and children - natural pop. increase change
- more diverse, distinctive areas + culture
- higher density housing, so cheaper
- more pressures on health care and services, so higher deprivation?
what impact do inequalities have on services?
rapid population growth puts pressure on services, and it is also harder to fund them in deprived areas, because the councils get less money from taxes and businesses
how does education lead to inequalities?
the best state schools are over-subscribed, so wealthy parents can send their children to fee-paying schools, but poorer children might end up in underperforming state schools - lack of education, so limited range of opportunities, so lower incomes
how does employment lead to inequalities?
globalisation has meant a shift of manufacturing to the outskirts - this is harder and more expensive to travel to from different areas, leading to unemployment or poverty - which 25% of London is living in
how does health lead to inequalities?
unhealthy lifestyles are more common in deprived areas - life expectancy is about 5 years lower in poorer areas - so though healthcare is free on NHS, services are often overwhelmed , and poorer people cannot afford private healthcare anyway
how has de-industrialisation led to decline in the central areas of London?
- manufacturing jobs have gone from 30% in 1971 to 7.5% in 2002 - mass unemployment, leading to families moving away from the area
- the WW2 blitz has destroyed vast majority of houses and factories, leading to the above
how has de-population led to decline in the central areas of London?
- families move away, both decreasing local services, as well as leaving buildings derelict
- shoreditch became known for crime, prostitution and poverty, so people left
- de-centralisation means shops struggling to pay high rent, so moving to the edge of London where land is cheaper and there are better transport links
how have the RUF and inner city seen economic growth?
- financial and business services and TNC investment : revitalises the areas, and both make jobs, as well as attract FURTHER investment as they help cement London’s identity as a global city
- gentrification - wealthier people regenerating run down areas
- studentification - thriving services and entertainment
- urban sprawl - growing everywhere, reducing inequalities
- leisure and culture - London hosted the Olympic games in 2012, and built stadiums etc, creating jobs and moving people in
positives of the nine elms regeneration
- apprenticeship schemes improving societal structure, jobs and education
- more focus on improving traffic and pollution problems by increasing green spaces
- regeneration rakes in income and touristry
negatives of the nine elms regeneration
- housing becomes affordable only to those that are rich, and small independent shops have to close down
- strategies harm the environment
- new jobs might be low paid service jobs, and high increase in property values harms local economy
how does the greenwich millenium village implement sustainable strategies?
- implementing recycling bins
- introducing working from home
- congestion charges on transport
- large green spaces BUT loss of farmland
- major energy efficient housing (through minimal construction waste and homes designed to minimise energy waste)
what is interdependence
two areas benefitting off one another - e.g LONDON & PRINCES RISBOROUGH
describe the area of princes risborough
- suburbanised village
- within 30 minutes of urban London, so people move in and out to work
- an settlement without its own industries
- there has been expansion since 1950’s though, slowly new social and commercial
positives of interdependence
- businesses see an increase, as residents have higher disposable income
- farmers make money from selling land or diversifying
- less pressure on housing in London
negatives of interdependence
- become commuter settlements which are empty in the day, so services may close due to reduced demand
- additional traffic and air pollution
- building on countryside affects wildlife habitat
describe rural diversification in windsor
- farmers diversifying land to make money
- windsor farm shop open since 2001 to sell high quality meat and make money - land continues to be farmed
- barn conversions available for £250 per night, pressure on energy and waste products
- heavy tourism due to WFS and tourist attractions (Windsor Castle)
how has employment been a challenge in rural areas?
- increased use of technology decreases number of workers needed
- employment deprivation is concentrated in pockets - e.g Jaywick, a derelict place of “second homes”
how has housing been a challenge in rural areas?
Jaywick was originally used as a low-cost holiday site, and the majority of the housing stock in Jaywick is cheaply built accommodation not intended for permanent habitation, but people live there so it’s become disrepaired
how has health care and education been a challenge in rural areas?
- ageing populations put pressure on healthcare, but they don’t own a care so struggle to get to care facilities
- schools are slowly closing due to declining numbers of pupils, so young people have to travel long distances to get to school
