5d

Question 1

is entropy a state function

Answer 1

yesssss

Question 2

entropy is a function of

Answer 2

volume,, temp + number of moles of an ideal gas!!

Question 3

in an ideal gas,, what does internal energy depend on

Answer 3

depends on temperature only

Question 4

what is the driving force of chemical change

Answer 4

chemical potential

Question 5

what does chemical potential do

Answer 5

it helps us predict the direction of a chemical reaction

Question 6

what can internal energy be expressed as a function of

Answer 6

heat
work
change in molar of reactants aka how much there are.

Question 7

the probability factor between change in molar amount and change in internal energy for a species called ‘i’ is

Answer 7

long u.

also known as chemical potential

Question 8

dU = in terms of chem potential, temp and entropy , pressure and volume

Answer 8

TdS - pdV + u1 dN1 + u2 dN2

aka dU = TdS - pdV + (sum of chem potential of smt x by the number of molecules there are of it.)

Question 9

okay so what does chemical potential depend on

Answer 9

depends on
S
V
Nk

aka chemical potential helpus us predict the direction of a chemical potential : so entropy, number of molecules or volume

Question 10

dS in terms on internal and environment

Answer 10

dS = diS + deS.

Question 11

whats dN in terms of i and e

Answer 11

dN = diN + deN

Question 12

is mass exchanged in a closed system

Answer 12

nope

only energy

Question 13

the entropy of an isolated system continues to increase bc of what

Answer 13

due to irreversible processed

diS > 0

U and V stays unchanged // constant

Question 14

maximum entropy

Answer 14

• entropy of a system continues to increase if its an irreversible reaction bc diS > 0

when U and V stays unchanged

Question 15

minimum energy

Answer 15

at constant entropy and volume

S and V

the system can reach minimum energy

Question 16

max entropy needs what to be maximalised

Answer 16

max entropy needs
an isolated system
where diS > 0 occurs

where U and V are constant

Question 17

min energy needs what to stay constant

Answer 17

it needs constant S and V

Question 18

if smt is constant,, what would its d value be. aka if V is constant

Answer 18

dV = 0

Question 19

dU in terms of T, S, p, V , diS

Answer 19

dU = TdS - pdV - TdiS

Question 20

at constant T and V Helmholtz free energy in a closed system =

Answer 20

F = U -TS

Question 21

at constant temp and volume,, in an irreversible process,, what would the value of F be

Answer 21

it would be at a minimum

Question 22

what is gibbs energy // what does it correspond to

Answer 22

it corresponds to the max amount of energy available for doing work

implaying its a reversible reaction

Question 23

what is the minimum gibbs energy

Answer 23

H -TS

if pressure and temperature are kept constant in a closed system

Question 24

gibbs equals to H - TS but what else does it equal to

Answer 24

U + pV - TS

Question 25

what is affinity

Answer 25

the extent of reaction + chemical potential

Question 26

what is the symbol for chemical potential again

Answer 26

long u

Question 27

when were talking about affinity in an equation,, aka the extent of reaction + chemical potential, what part is the chemical potential bit

Answer 27

the long u + long u - long u where u do reactants - products

Question 28

a non vanishing affinity means what

Answer 28

implies that a system is not at equilibrium

Question 29

when can gibbs free energy be minimised

Answer 29

when pressure and temp is constant in irreversible conditions the extent of reaction (§) will reach §eq. where gibbs is at the minimum think of a sloped curved line. with gibbs on the y axis and extent of reaction,§, on the x axis. where u have §eq. aka the middle of the x axis,, this is where gibbs is lowest -A = (dG/d§) p,T

Question 30

to find out more about how maximalised entropy controls proccesses what do we need to look at

Answer 30

we need to look at calculating the mixing entropy of two different gases wwith the same number of moles,, N,, and we need to make sure that they occupy the same volume. at constant temperature. 1 + 1 = 2 for the total volume

Question 31

change in S mix when were trying to see how entropy maxing controls processes,, how do we find delta S mix

Answer 31

delta S mix = deltaS final - deltaS initial.

Question 32

entropy of an ideal gas is affected by what

Answer 32

V N T

Question 33

in equations,, what is Xk

Answer 33

mole fraction Nk / N1 + N2

Question 34

the number of microstates formed through the mixing process is equal to what:

Answer 34

W = (NaN1 + NaN2)! / (Na N1)! (Na N2)!

Question 35

delta S mix can also be found using what equation

Answer 35

the kb one delta S mix = kB ln(Wmix)

Question 36

R =

Answer 36

Na KB

Question 37

ln( A/B) can also be found in what way

Answer 37

ln(a) - ln(b)