6/17/25 Trunk Bones & Muscles

Question 1

What are the 2 skeletal groups bones can be divided into?

Answer 1

Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton

Question 2

What makes up the axial skeleton?

Answer 2

Midline structures (spine, spinal column, ribs, sternum)

Question 3

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 3

Limbs, shoulder girdle, sides of the pelvis

Question 4

What are the 2 main components of a typical vertebra?

Answer 4

Vertebral body
Vertebral/neural arch

Question 5

True or False: The body of the vertebra is anterior

Answer 5

True

Question 6

True or False: The spinous process of the vertebra is posterior

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Is the vertebral foramen anterior or posterior to the body of the vertebra?

Answer 7

Posterior

Question 8

What is the plural form of foramen?

Answer 8

Foramina

Question 9

Where is the spinal cord located?

Answer 9

In the vertebral foramina

Question 10

Each vertebra articulates with the next at ___ spots

Answer 10

3

Question 11

Where are intervertebral discs located?

Answer 11

Between vertebral bodies

Question 12

Where are facet joints located?

Answer 12

On vertebral arches. Each arch has pairs of superior and interior articular processes for these joints

Question 13

What are the spaces between adjacent arches called? How are they formed? What is their fxn?

Answer 13

Intervertebral foramina

Formed by notches and facet joints

They allow spinal nerves to travel out of the vertebral canal

Question 14

What are the 5 regions of the spinal column from top to bottom?

Answer 14

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx

Question 15

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

Answer 15

7

Question 16

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

Answer 16

12

Question 17

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

Answer 17

5

Question 18

How many sacrum vertebrae are there?

Answer 18

5, fused

Question 19

How many vertebrae make up the coccyx?

Answer 19

4, fused

Question 20

What type of curvature of the spine develops while you are a fetus? What regions of the spinal vertebrae does this emcompass?

Answer 20

Primary curvature

Thoracic and sacral

Question 21

What type of curvature develops when a baby learns to hold ip its head and sit/stand?

Answer 21

Secondary curvature

Cervical (head holding)
Lumbar (sit/standing)

Question 22

Distinguishing features of cervical vertebrae

Answer 22

Transverse Foramina
Bifid spinous process
Small Body
Facet joints in transverse plane

Question 23

What is the fxn of the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae?

Answer 23

For the vertebral artery

Question 24

Distinguishing features of thoracic vertebrae

Answer 24

Costal Facets
Long and downward spinous process
Facet joints in coronal plane

Question 25

What is the fxn of the costal facets?

Answer 25

For ribs to articulate

Question 26

Distinguishing features of lumbar vertebrae

Answer 26

Large Body Short spinous process Facet joints in a sagittal plane

Question 27

What vertebrae is the atlas?

Answer 27

C1. Holds up the skull

Question 28

What vertebrae is the axis?

Answer 28

C2. C1 pivots around it

Question 29

What is the process sticking up from C2 body called?

Answer 29

Dens/Odontoid process

Question 30

What is happening on the atlantoaxial joint when it moves?

Answer 30

C1 pivots around the dens of C2 (think about shaking your head no)

Question 31

True or False: The sacral canal is equivalent to the vertebral canal

Answer 31

True

Question 32

How do spinal nerves (dorsal and ventral rami) travel through the sacral canal?

Answer 32

Through the anterior and posterior sacral foramina

Question 33

What does trunk ROM depend on?

Answer 33

Thickness of intervertebral discs and orientation of the facet joints (different regions allow different movements)

Question 34

What vertebrae have ribs?

Answer 34

Thoracic vertebrae

Question 35

How do the ribs attach to the sternum?

Answer 35

Ribs connect to the sternum anteriorly via costal cartilages

Question 36

Where is the sternal angle located?

Answer 36

At the 2nd costal cartilage anteriorly (T4/T5)

Question 37

Fxn of thoracic cage

Answer 37

Protects organs in thoracic cavity Attachment site for muscles Expands/contracts for deep breathing

Question 38

True or False: Thoracic vertebrae can flex/extend

Answer 38

False. Angle of the facet joints prevents this movement. If they were able to flex and extend, this would affect thoracic cage volume.

Question 39

What muscles make up the thoracic and abdominal walls?

Answer 39

Intercostal muscles of thorax Obliques and rectus abdominis

Question 40

What innervates the muscles of the thoracic and abdominal walls?

Answer 40

Ventral rami

Question 41

Where do the extrinsic back muscles start and end?

Answer 41

Start on the back and end on the upper limb.

Question 42

Where do the intrinsic back muscles start and end?

Answer 42

Start and end on the back

Question 43

What innervates the intrinsic back muscles?

Answer 43

Dorsal rami

Question 44

Where are the intercostal muscles found?

Answer 44

Between adjacent ribs and costal cartilage

Question 45

What are the 3 types of intercostal muscles?

Answer 45

External, internal, innermost. Internal and innermost run the same direction

Question 46

What innervates the intercostal muscles?

Answer 46

Ventral rami

Question 47

What nerve is considered the intercostal nerve?

Answer 47

Thoracic ventral ramus

Question 48

Once ventral rami/intercostal nerves innervate costal muscles, where do they go?

Answer 48

They pierce through investing fascia and innervate segments of the skin (dermatomes) via lateral and anterior cutaneous nerves

Question 49

What is the blood supply to the intercostal muscles?

Answer 49

Anterior and posterior intercostal arteries

Question 50

Where are the posterior intercostal arteries coming from?

Answer 50

Branches of the aorta

Question 51

Where are the anterior intercostal arteries coming from?

Answer 51

Branches of internal thoracic artery

Question 52

What is it called when the posterior and anterior intercostal arteries meet?

Answer 52

Anastomoses. Blood can flow in either direction here.

Question 53

What is collateral circulation?

Answer 53

Arterial anastomoses provide a back up plan for the region they supply

Question 54

What makes up the intercostal neurovascular bundle?

Answer 54

Intercostal vein, artery, and nerve (VAN from superior to inferior)

Question 55

Where is the neurovascular bundle located?

Answer 55

Between internal and innermost intercostal muscle (between layers 2 and 3) along the costal groove of inferior rib

Question 56

External intercostal actions

Answer 56

Forceful inspiration raises the ribs

Question 57

Internal intercostal actions

Answer 57

Forceful expiration lowers the ribs

Question 58

Function of intercostal muscles

Answer 58

Stabilizes the thoracic wall during quiet respiration

Question 59

Abdominal wall muscles

Answer 59

External oblique Internal Oblique Rectus Abdominus Transverse abdominus Sheets of muscle with aponeurosis (flat tendon)

Question 60

What abdominal wall muscle is long and straight with tendinous intersectios?

Answer 60

Rectus abdominus

Question 61

Function of abdominal wall muscles

Answer 61

Increase intra-abdominal pressure Move the trunk (flexion, rotation, lateral bending)

Question 62

What muscle is our internal corset?

Answer 62

Transversus abdominis

Question 63

What abdominal muscle is surrounded by an aponeurotic sheath?

Answer 63

Rectus abdominis

Question 64

What makes up the aponeurotic sheath?

Answer 64

3 lateral abdominal wall muscles (transversus abdominis and external and internal obliques)

Question 65

What innervates the abdominal wall?

Answer 65

Ventral rami of spinal nerves

Question 66

What is the blood supply for the posterior intercostals?

Answer 66

Segmental arteries from aorta --> posterior intercostal arteries

Question 67

What is the blood supply for the subcostal region (below the very last rib)?

Answer 67

Segmental arteries from aorta --> subcostal artery

Question 68

What is the blood supply to the lumbar region?

Answer 68

Segmental arteries from aorta --> lumber arteries

Question 69

What is the blood supply to the internal thoracic area and anterior intercostals?

Answer 69

Anterior branches --> internal thoracic artery and anterior intercostal arteries

Question 70

What is the blood supply to the superior epigastric area (Abdominal region) (continuation of internal thoracic)?

Answer 70

Anterior branches --> superior epigastric artery

Question 71

What is the blood supply to the inferior epigastric area (lower abdomen, from external iliac)?

Answer 71

Anterior branches --> inferior epigastric artery

Question 72

What is the fxn of the intrinsic back muscles?

Answer 72

Maintain erect posture and move the trunk

Question 73

3 muscle groups of the intrinsic back

Answer 73

Superficial (V)-from spinous process to transverse process Erector spinae-Vertical fibers (II) Deep (^): from transverse process to spinous process

Question 74

Muscles of the superficial group (V)

Answer 74

Splenius (travel from the spinus process to transverse process)

Question 75

Where is the splenius found?

Answer 75

Cervical and upper thoracic region

Question 76

3 muscles of the erector spinae

Answer 76

Iliocostalis Longissimus Spinalis Extend along the entire vertebral column

Question 77

Erector spinae (vertical fibers, intermediate group) fxn

Answer 77

Main extensors and stabilizers of the thoracic and lumbar vertebral column

Question 78

How are the deep group muscles classified (fibers travel from transverse process to spinous process?

Answer 78

By the number of intervertebral joints crossed

Question 79

3 muscles of the deep group (^)

Answer 79

Rotatores Multifidus Semispinalis

Question 80

How many levels of intervertebral joints do the rotatores cross?

Answer 80

1-2 levels

Question 81

How many levels of intervertebral joints do the multifidus cross?

Answer 81

2-4 levels

Question 82

How many levels of intervertebral joints do the semispinalis cross?

Answer 82

4-6 levels

Question 83

What innervates the back muscles?

Answer 83

Dorsal rami

Question 84

What nerves innervate the skin of the back?

Answer 84

Posterior cutaneous nerves

Question 85

Blood supply to back muscles

Answer 85

Branches of posterior intercostal arteries

Question 86

True or false: Each axis is perpendicular to its plane

Answer 86

True

Question 87

Axial plane axis

Answer 87

Vertical

Question 88

Coronal plane axis

Answer 88

Anteroposterior (AP)

Question 89

Sagittal plane axis

Answer 89

Transverse

Question 90

Movement in the transverse axis, sagittal plane

Answer 90

Flexion and extension

Question 91

Movement in the AP axis, coronal plane

Answer 91

Lateral bending

Question 92

Movement in the vertical axis, transverse plane

Answer 92

Rotation

Question 93

Does a muscle get longer or shorter as it contracts?

Answer 93

Shorter

Question 94

External oblique transverse axis contraction

Answer 94

Flexion

Question 95

External oblique AP axis contraction

Answer 95

Lateral bending same side

Question 96

External oblique vertical axis contraction

Answer 96

Right external oblique rotates trunk to the left

Question 97

Splenius transverse axis contraction

Answer 97

Extension

Question 98

Splenius AP axis contraction

Answer 98

Lateral bending of neck same side

Question 99

Splenius vertical axis contraction

Answer 99

Rotate neck to the same side