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Sociolgy > 6, 7, 9 > Flashcards

6, 7, 9 Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

Social interaction

A

The process by which people act and react to others

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2
Q

Social structure

A

The way in which society is organized into predictable relationships

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3
Q

Status

A

A social position that a person holds

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4
Q

Status set

A

Refers to all the statuses a person holds at a given time

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5
Q

Scribed status

A

Refers to a social position a person receives at birth or takes on involuntarily later in life. Ex: disability

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6
Q

Achieved status

A

Refers to a social position that a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort. Ex: college degree

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7
Q

Master status

A

A status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person’s entire life

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8
Q

Subordinate status

A

A status that does not dominate a relationship

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9
Q

Status symbol

A

A material sign that informs others of a person’s specific status. Ex: wedding ring

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10
Q

Role

A

Behavior expected of someone who holds a specific status

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11
Q

Prescribed role

A

The set of expectations about how a person should behave

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12
Q

Role performance

A

How a person actually carries out a role

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13
Q

Role conflict

A

Conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses

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14
Q

Role set

A

An array of roles attached to one particular status

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15
Q

Role restrain

A

Tension among the roles connected to a single status

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16
Q

Exchange

A

An interaction in which two individuals offer each other something in order to obtain a reward in return

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17
Q

Cooperation

A

An interaction in which two or more individuals work together to achieve a goal

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18
Q

Oppositional interactions

A

Interactions in which the participants treat each other as competitors or enemies

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19
Q

Competition

A

Interaction in which two individuals follow mutually accepted rules, trying to achieve the same goal before the other does

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20
Q

Conflict

A

Two individuals disregard any rules in an effort to reach the same goal

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21
Q

Symbolic interaction

A

People actively interpret each other’s actions and reactions and behave in accordance with the interpretation

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22
Q

Three types of social interactions

A

Oppositional
Supportive
Symbolic

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23
Q

Social Construction of Reality

A

The process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction

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24
Q

Thomas Theorem

A

The idea that situations that are defined as real are real in their consequences.
Includes self-fulfilling prophecy

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25
Ethnomethodology
The study of the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings
26
Dramaturgical analysis
The study of the social interaction in terms of theatrical performance
27
Frontstage vs backstage
Outward performance is frontstage and inward feelings is backstage
28
Kinesics
Refers to the use of body movements as means of communication(body language)
29
Proxemics
Refers to the use of space as a means of communication
30
Three functions of non verbal communication
Supplements verbal communication Regulates social interactions Establishes the relationship among people in terms of their power over one another
31
Genderlects
Linguistic styles that reflect the different worlds of men and women
32
Social group
Two or more people who identify with and interact with one another
33
Social aggregates
Refers to a number of people who happen to be in one place but do not intereact with each other
34
Social categories
Refers to a number of people who have something in common but neither interact with one another nor gather in one place
35
Primary group
Refers to a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships
36
Secondary group
Refers to a large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity
37
Instrumental leadership
Refers to group leadership that focuses on the completion of tasks
38
Expressive leadership
Group leadership that focuses on the group's well-being
39
Three major leadership styles
Authoritarian Democratic Laissez-Faire
40
Authoritarian leaders
People who make all major group decisions and assign tasks to members
41
Democratic leaders
Encourages group discussion and decision making through consensus building
42
Laissez-Faire leaders
only minimally involved in decision making and who encourage group members to make their own decisions
43
Idiosyncrasy credit
The privilege that allows leaders to deviate from their group's norms
44
Conformity
Refers to the process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with norms established by a society, subculture, or other group
45
Obedience
defined as compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure
46
Groupthink
The tendency of group members to conform, resulting in a narrow view of some issue
47
In-group
A social group toward which a person feels respect and loyalty
48
Out-group
A social group which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition
49
Reference group
A social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions
50
Normative effect
Occurs in the reference group when the members share the same view of themselves
51
Comparison effect
Occurs when one sees oneself in comparison to another
52
Association effect
Occurs when one is pleased to be associated with members of a group
53
Dyad
A social group with two members
54
Triad
A social group with three member
55
Formal organizations
Large secondary groups organized to achieve their goals efficiently
56
Three types of formal organizations
Coercive Utilitarian Normative
57
Coercive organizations
Consists of a majority of involuntary members. Members are tightly controlled by a physical force. There is strict rules and regulations. Jails
58
Utilitarian organization
Groups of individuals join in order to review monetary rewards or some other benefit
59
Normative organizations
Consists of voluntary members. Individuals join these organizations based on shared goals
60
Bureaucracy
An organization model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently
61
Defiende
Refers to the recogniZed violation of cultural norms. Can be good or bad
62
Three main functions of deviance
Clarifies rules Unites groups Promotes social change
63
Disintegrative shaming
The process by which the wrongdoer is punished in such a way as to be rejected, stigmatized, or ostracized
64
Reintegrative shaming
The process that involves wrong-doers feel guilt while showing them understanding, forgiveness, or even respect.
65
Differential association theory
States that people have greater tendency to deviate from social norms when they frequently associate with individuals who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity
66
Labeling theory
The idea that deviance and conformity results not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions.
67
Primary deviance
Occurs when a person violates norms for the first time and doesn't consider the behavior deviant
68
Secondary deviance
Refers to repeated norm violations that the rule violator recognizes as deviant
69
Phenomenological theory
Studies people's subjectivity and how deviants tend to see themselves and their deviance in a positive way
70
Social control
Attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts
71
Informal social control
People casually enforce norms. Ex. Spanking
72
Internal social control
Look up def
73
Criminal justice system
Refers to the organization that responds to alleged violations of the law
74
Law
Refers to government social control
75
Civil law vs criminal law
Civil- deals with disputes among persons or groups | Criminal- deals with public safety and well being
76
Victimless Crime
The willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services.
77
White collar crime
Refers to crime committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations
78
Corporate crime
Refers to illegal actions of corporation or people acting on its behalf
79
Retribution
An act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime
80
Social protection
Rendering an offender incapable of further offenses temporarily through imprisonment or permanently by execution
81
Functions of punishment
Retribution Social protection Rehabilitation Deterrence
82
Rehabilitation
A program for reforming the offender to prevent later offenses
83
Deterrence
The attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment

Sociolgy (6 decks)

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