Chp. 10, 11, 12 Flashcards
(31 cards)
Global stratification
Some nations are in higher or lower classes. Unequal distribution of wealth
Modernization theory
A model of economic and social change that explains global inequality in terms of differing levels of technological development among societies
Dependency theory
States that rich nations exploit poor ones for power and commercial gain, thereby perpetuating poverty, underdevelopment, and dependency on richer nations
Dominant group
One that is advantaged and has superior resources and rights in a society
Subordinante group
One whose members are disadvantaged and subjected to unequal treatment by the dominant group and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination
A socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important
Race
Refers to a cultural heritage
Ethnicity
An emphasis on such concerns as ethnic food or political issues rather than on deeper ties to one’s ethnic heritage
Symbolic ethnicity
The process by which people come to define a group as a race based in part on physical characteristics, but also on historical, cultural, and economic factors
Social construction of race
A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial groups
Prejudice
Unreliable generalizations about all members of a group that do not recognize individual differences within the group
Stereotypes
Ethnocentrism
The tendency to assume that one’s own culture and way of life represents the norm and are superior to all others
Racism
The belief that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior
Hate crime
A criminal offense committed because of the offender’s bias against a race, religion, ethnic group, national origin, or sexual orientation
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
People who are frustrated in their efforts to achieve a highly desired goal will respond with a pattern of aggression toward others
Scapegoat
A person that is incapable of offering resistance to the hostility or aggression of others
Authoritarian personality
Personality type characterized by excessive conformity, submissiveness to authority, intolerance, insecurity, a high level of superstition, and rigid, stereotypic thinking.
Exploitation theory
Racism keeps member of subordinate groups in low-paying jobs, thereby supplying the capitalist ruling class with cheap labor
Racial profiling
Arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than a person’s behavior
Contact hypothesis
Interracial contact between people of quality status who are engaged in a cooperative task will cause them to become less prejudiced and to abandon previous stereotypes
Discrimination
The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups based on some type of arbitrary bias
Four types of discrimination
Isolate
Small-group
Direct institutionalize
Indirect institutionalize
Isolate discrimination
Harmful action taken by a member of the dominant group against a member of the sub ordinate group. This occurs without the support of other group members
Small-group discrimination
Harmful action taken by a limited number of dominant group members against member of subordinate groups
