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Human biology > 6-8 > Flashcards

6-8 Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

A receptor

A

is a structure able to detect changes in the body internal or external environmnet

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2
Q

Sense organ

A

grouped receptor cells of a particular type

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3
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

able to respond to heat and cold
nerve endings sensitive to heat or cold
send messages to brain (hypothalamus and cerebrum so we are consciously aware)

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4
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

sensitive to osmotic pressure

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5
Q

osmotic pressure

A

conc of dissolved substances. is high when less water and many dissolved substances

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6
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

sensitive to chemicals (sensitive to odours and tastes and ph of blood)

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7
Q

touch receptors

A

(nerve endings) close to surface of skin
nerve ending associated with base of hair follicle(respond to light touch that bends hair)
deeper ones sensitive to pressure and vibrations
adapt

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8
Q

pain receptors//nociceptors

A

stimulated by damage to tissues such as cut or heavy bump, poor blood flow to tissue or excess stimuli by heat or chemicals
don’t adapt
in skin and mucous membranes but not brain

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9
Q

reflex

A 
SIRS
Stimulus needed
Involuntary not under concious control
Rapid few neurones
stereotyped happens same way each time
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10
Q

spinal reflex

A

reflex carried out by spine

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11
Q

spinal reflex arc

A

pathway traveled by nerve impulse from receptor to effector (for spinal it goes across spiné)

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12
Q

reflex arc components

A
  1. receptor (ending of sensory neutron or specialised cell associated with one) it initiates nerve imputes from stimulus
  2. sensory neuron carrries impuls from receptor to CNS
  3. at least one synapse (can go directly to motor neurone or have few interneurons)
  4. motor neuron carries msg from CNS to effector
  5. effector receives nerve impulse and carries out appropriate response (muscle/excretory cells)
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13
Q

anaemia

A

deficiency of haemoglobin bc no iron Fe

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14
Q

pernicious anaemia

A

not enough vitamin B12

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15
Q

emphysema

A

lung disease air sacs alveoli break down

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16
Q

fever

A

inc body temp

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17
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure

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18
Q

dehydration

A 
water loss exceeds water gain
severe thirst
low bp
dizziness 
headache
SLDH
delirious lose conciseness and die
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19
Q

water intoxication

A

person loses water from sweating (and salts)
and drinks plain water and cells say
lightheadedness, headache vomiting collapse

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20
Q

acquired reflex

A

complex motor patterns that have been learned

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21
Q

Homeostasis

A

keeping the internal body environment constant

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22
Q

Tolerance limit

A

the upper and lower limits to a range of factors

within the range the body functions normally

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23
Q

positive feedback

A

the response to a stimulus reinforces or strengthens the stimulus (pregnancy and blood clotting)

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24
Q

negative feedback

A

response to a stimulus that eliminates or reduces the original stimulus

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25
Thermoregulation
maintaining a balance between heat loss and heat production | optimum temp is 37ºC
26
metabolic rate
the rate at which energy is released from the breakdown of food
27
peripheral thermoreceptors
thermoreceptors in skin and mucous membranes
28
central thermoreceptors
located in hypothalamus
29
types of thermoreceptors
cold and hot receptors (stimulated by environmental temps higher or lower than usual)
30
sweating
is active secretion of fluid from sweat glands | contractions of cells surrounding duct carry sweat to body surface
31
Preventing body temp from falling
``` to decrease heat loss vasoconstriction O--> o reduction in sweating conscious behaviour reduction of SA(getting into a ball) ``` ``` to increase heat production stimulation of adrenal medulla by sympathetic nerves(inc nor/adernaline in blood to inc cell metabolism) shivering increase thyroxine production increase in voluntary activity ```
32
Preventing body temp from rising
``` To increase heat loss vasodilation sweating conscious behavioural responses spread out to increase SA ``` To decrease heat production: decrease metabolic activity (less thyroxine) decrease in voluntary activity
33
heat stoke
is the failure of someones heat regulating mechanisms when exposed to excessive heat
34
heat exhaustion
collapse of a person after excessive heat during which their heat regulating mechanisms continue to function normally
35
hypothermia
when core body temp falls below 33ºC and heat production is unable to replace heat loss and continues to fall (death can occur)
36
intercellular fluid
fluid between the cells (tissue fluid, interstitial fluid)
37
intracellular fluid
fluid inside of cells (cytosol)
38
extracellular fluid
fluid outside of cells: intercellular fluid and blood plasma
39
ureter
tube leaving the kidney and drains into bladder
40
bladder
muscular recevoir
41
urethra
tube that takes urine out of body from bladder
42
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
controls the level of active reabsorption at the distal convoluted tubule and collecting tubule by changing permeability of walls of tubule When high= walls very permeable produced by hypothalamus and released by posteriorLOP
43
aldosterone
acts on kidney tubules to increase the amount of sodium being reabsorbed into bloodstream and to increase amount of K being excreted in urine. water is reabsorbed with sodium secreted by the adrenal cortex
44
glycogen
molecule made of long chains of glucose molecules | to form in which carbohydrate is stored in the body
45
Liver
upper part of abdominal cavity | able to convert glucose to glycogen( for storage) and glycogen to glucose(for release into bloodstream)
46
Hepatic portal vein
carries glucose to liver from intestines where 4 things can happen: 1. taken up by liver and used to provide E for livers functioning 2. taken up by liver/muscles and converted to glycogen for storage 3. continue to circulate around blood for uptake for energy use 4. excess glucose (for blood and glycogen tissue levels) can be converted to fat for long term storage
47
glycogenesis
glucose molecules being chemically combined into glycogen molecules timed by insulin
48
insulin?
??
49
glycogenolysis
converting glycogen into glucose | stimed by glucagon
50
islets langerhans
clusters of hormone secreting cells in the pancreas | 2 types
51
Alpha cells
secrete glucagon
52
beta cells
secrete insulin
53
gluconeogenesis
process of producing glucose molecules from fats and aas
54
adrenal cortex
secretes glucocorticoids best known cortisol
55
adrenal medulla
secretes nor/adrenaline
56
normal level of blood glucose
5mmol/L | 90mg/mL
57
phrenic nerve
stims diaphragm
58
intercostal nerves
stim intercostal muscles
59
respiratory centre
located in the medulla oblongata | 2 regions: one controls expiration and one controls inspiration
60
aortic and carotid bodies
chemoreceptors sensitives to changes in O conc in the blood plasma
61
hyperventilation
rapid deep breathing that can provide more o2 than required and remove more co2 than necessary
62
heart rate
the number of times the heart beats per minute
63
stroke volume
volume of blood forced from heart with every contraction
64
cardiac output
the amount of blood leaving the heart every minute | cardiac output: mL/min=heart rate (bpm) x stroke volume (mL)
65
blood pressure
the force with which the blood presses on the walls of blood vessels
66
atrioventricular and sinoartial nodes
bundles of specialised cells controlling hearts activity
67
cardiac centre/cardiovascular regulating centre
region in medulla oblongata with network of nerve cells with axons that extend to the heart and to the muscles in the walls of the blood vessels

Human biology (7 decks)

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