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FCP > 6. Diagnostics > Flashcards

6. Diagnostics Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

What is meant by the ‘quality’ of an X-ray beam

A

Penetrating power of the beam

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2
Q

What is meant by the ‘intensity’ of an X-ray beam

A

Amount of radiation in the beam

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3
Q

What of quality and/or intensity does changing kV affect

A

Quality and intensity

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4
Q

What of quality and/or intensity does changing mA affect

A

Intensity only

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5
Q

List the radiographic process

A

Positioning
Centring
Collimation
Exposure factors
Labelling
Artefacts

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6
Q

Give 3 ways scattered radiation and be reduced

A

Good collimation
Low kV
Using radiographic grid if required

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7
Q

How is an image formed by ultrasound scanner

A

Reflection of the sounds at tissue boundaries

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8
Q

What is the goal of radiography

A

Gain a diagnostic image

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9
Q

How do we get around the fact that radiography is taking a 2D image of a 3D structure

A

We take orthogonal views (90 degrees to each other)

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10
Q

What does good positioning of the animal achieve for radiography

A

Accurately represents the anatomy
Minimises distortion and magnification

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11
Q

How is good positioning achieved in radiography

A

Having the area of interest as close to the plate as possible
The area of interest must be central, parallel to the plate and perpendicular to the beam

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12
Q

Why do we collimate a radiographic image

A

Radiation safety
Reduces scatter and improves image

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13
Q

How to have correct exposure for a radiograph

A

mAs and kV correct
use an exposure chart

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14
Q

How to label a radiographic image

A

L/R markers used in the image
Digitally label with the date, patient name etc

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15
Q

Give examples of difficulties when radiographing large animals

A

Conscious standing animal
Need a machine operator, plate holder and animal handler
Often done at client premises
Use of horizontal beam requires careful attention to safety, planning and good technique

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16
Q

Give a risk of using horizontal radiography beam

A

Higher exposures as beam has to travel further therefore more scatter

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17
Q

What is the inverse square law when referring to radiography

A

Strength of X-ray beam is inversely proportional to square of distance from source

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18
Q

Name the oblique views used in large animal radiography

A

Dorsolateral palmaromedial oblique
Dorsomedial palmerolateral oblique

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19
Q

How do you make large animal radiography as safe as possible

A

Use of protective clothing
Plate holder so you aren’t in primary beam
Controlled area with minimal people present

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20
Q

Why are X-rays dangerous

A

They are ionising radiation
Can affect your atoms and DNA - mutations
Penetrating so can pass through objects

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21
Q

4 ways we achieve As low as reasonably practicable (ALARP) - as the radiographer

A

Working practices
Amount of radiation used
Distance
Shielding

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22
Q

Give examples of working practices used to achieve ALARP

A

Using sedation or GA to minimise handling of the patient
Having a controlled area with signage and warning lights to prevent entry when active
Local rules set by RPA and monitored by RPS

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23
Q

Give examples of how amounts of radiation is used to achieve ALARP

A

Collimation centring, positioning, labelling and reducing artefacts so repeat exposures are not required
Using best settings for mAs and kV to give good quality image but the minimum radiation

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24
Q

Give examples of how distances are used to achieve ALARP

Study These Flashcards
A

Inverse square law

25
Give examples of shielding used to achieve ALARP
Lead Gowns gloves, thyroid protectors Portable shields Lead lines walls and doors of the xray room
26
Why is remote anaesthesia required during imaging
MRI and CT require periods of time where the animal is left unsupervised Need to ensure adequate depth of anaesthesia and the ability to monitor from afar
27
Give examples of appropriate restraint for animals during an ultrasound
Large animals - standing in stocks/stalls Small animals can lie in recumbency Consider need for analgesia, sedation or anaesthesia
28
How can you prep the animal to make sure the sound can penetrate into the tissue for an ultrasound
Clip hair Remove dirt and skin oil using alcohol Apply ultrasound gel ensure contact between transducer and skin
29
How to move superficial structures further away from the transducer for an ultrasound
Gel standoff's
30
What is the correct frequency to select for different structures - eye vs pregnancy diagnosis
examples Eye - 10 MHz, high resolution, low penetration pregnancy diagnosis - 3MHz low resolution but good penetration
31
What 3 things should you comment on when doing an imaging report
What have you got What can you see What does it mean
32
If taking hip radiographs for BVA hip dysplasia scoring, how should the animal be positioned
Dorsal recumbency, legs pulled out straight, parallel to each other
33
What 2 views do you need for hip dysplasia scoring
Ventrodorsal view and L or R lateral (affected side close to the plate)
34
What are the 2 standard views for elbow scoring radiographs
Craniocaudal Mediolateral Both in neutral positions
35
what 2 standard views for radiography of a dogs stifle
Lateral view - typically mediolateral Caudocranial - dog in ventral recumbency with limb extended caudally
36
Name the 4 common diseases associated with a dogs stifle
Joint effusion Cranial cruciate ligament rupture Chronic stifle arthritis Oesteochondrosis
37
What 2 views are commonly taken to look at a dogs shoulder
Lateral - medio lateral mostly Caudocranial - dorsal recumbancy
38
Name the 3 common diseases associated with a dogs shoulder
Medial shoulder luxation Osteochondrosis Chronic shoulder arthrosis
39
What are the 2 problems with CT and radiography
radiation dosing poor soft tissue resolution
40
What are the 5 issues with MRI
Susceptible to movement Poor bone detail Metallic artefacts Implanted medical devices may be destroyed Not real time - takes 45min to get results
41
What are the 2 types of +ve contrast media used in CT and radiography
Iodine Barium
42
What -ve contrast media is used in CT and radiography
Air
43
What +ve contrast media is used in MRI scans
Gadolinium
44
What -ve contrast media is used in MRI scans
air
45
Give the main heath and safety issues with MRI and CT
CT - ionising radiation MRI - strong magnetic fields
46
what does endoscopy allow you to do
Look inside a body cavity or organ Can obtain diagnostic samples e.g. fluid sampling, lavage, biopsies Can enable a therapeutic procedure
47
Give 3 examples of therapeutic procedures which can be done with an endoscope
Removal of foreign body Management and oesophageal stricture Placement of a gastric feeding tube
48
what are the two types of endoscopes
Rigid Flexible
49
Give 3 broad examples of when we may used endoscopy
GI signs Respiratory signs Urinary signs
50
Give 5 examples of when we may use endoscopy in horses
Suspected upper airway/laryngeal obstruction Investigation of abnormal respiratory noise Suspected lung disease Gastric ulceration Urinary tract disease
51
What patient prep may be required for endoscopy
Empty GIT or enema if GI endoscopy
52
What 3 things can go wrong in endoscopy and how to avoid
Aspiration => cuffed endotracheal tube Damage to scope => mouth gag GI perforation => never force the scope, always use plenty of lubrication
53
what are the 2 types of flexible endoscopes
Fibreoptic endoscopes Video endoscopes
54
Name 3 limitations of flexible endoscopy
Scope may not be long enough Small diameter scopes only allow small biopsy instruments Biopsy channel needs to be approx. 2.8mm to be useful
55
What are the positives of rigid endoscopes
Cheaper Less prone to damage Better image than flexible allows larger instruments to be used
56
What are the cons of rigid endoscopes
No flexibility => restricted access to some anatomical sites Need additional equipment Risk of damage and mucosal bleeding Unable to manoeuvre around bends Cannot inflate areas with air
57
Give 4 examples of when you use rigid endoscopy
Rhinoscopy Athroscopy Cystoscopy in bitches Laparoscopy
58
What 4 things are you looking for in pleural ultrasounds
Glide sign Comet tails or rockets solid sections of lung Fluid
59
What will you see on pleural ultrasound if an animal has pneumothorax
Will see thicker parietal pleura Line won't glide

FCP (8 decks)

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