9. Diseases Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
What can the temperature of an animal be like with bacterial disease
A
Pyrexic, normal or sub temperatures
Only ever get as high as 40 degrees, and more would suggest viral infection
2
Q
Give some types of fluid to test for white cell and neutrophil counts
A
Tracheal wash
Peritoneal fluid
Pleural fluid
joint fluid
Biopsies
3
Q
In salmonella infection, would peripheral neutrophil count be increased/normal/decreased and why
A
Decreased - neutrophils have travelled to the site of infection (GIT) and been expelled in diarrhoea
4
Q
In sepsis, would white cell and neutrophil count be increased or decreased
A
Increased
Degenerate neutrophils and toxic change
5
Q
Give 3 examples of acute phase proteins
A
Fibrinogen
Serum amyloid A
C reactive protein
6
Q
Would peripheral acute phase proteins be increased/decreased/normal in bacterial infections
A
Slightly increased
7
Q
What 2 fluids do not culture well for culture and sensitivity of bacterial infections
A
Cerebrospinal fluid
Joint fluid
8
Q
Type of bacterial infection:
Old, unspayed dog, pyrexic, drinking lots, off food
A
Pyometra
9
Q
Type of bacterial infection:
Cow, unwell, low temp, not eating, loose faeces
Echogenic portions on the liver
A
Hepatic abscesses
secondary to ruminal acidosis
10
Q
Type of bacterial infection:
Heart ultrasound with echogenic fluid surrounding it
A
Septic pericarditis
11
Q
What would pleural pneumonia look like on an ultrasound
A
Fluid in pleural space
lung consolidation
strands of fibrin connecting lung surface to parietal pleura
12
Q
How best to treat bacterial infection of body cavity
A
Lavage with high volumes of sterile saline
Systemic antibiotics
13
Q
example of exotic viral disease
A
avian influenza
14
Q
example of endemic viral disease
A
Calf respiratory disease
15
Q
3 examples of feline sporadic diseases
A
feline parvovirus
calicivirus
herpesvirus
16
Q
What is feline infectious peritonitis secondary to
A
Feline enteric conoravirus
17
Q
What virus causes malignant catarrhal fever In cattle
A
Ovine herpes virus 2
crosses species barrier
18
Q
common clinical signs of malignant catarrhal fever in cows
A
Sever pyrexia
corneal oedema
marked discharge from eyes and nose
19
Q
Economic importance of viral disease
A
Costs of loss of production, culling, banning of imports and exports, costs of control
20
Q
3 examples of viral zoonoses
A
Hantavirus
Louping ill virus
European bat lyssavirus
21
Q
example of notifiable disease
A
Foot and mouth
Highly pathogenic avian influenza
22
Q
Definition of pathogenicity
A
The ability of a microbe to damage a host
23
Q
Definition of degree of virulence
A
The relative capacity of a pathogen to damage a host
24
Q
Definition of virulence factors
A
The bacterial traits that confer pathogenicity
25
3 things a microbe must do to act as a pathogen
Compete with normal flora to gain a foothold
Must evade or overcome normal host defences
Must express genes that encode for factors that cause disease
26
How bacterial infection can cause tissue damage (3 ways)
Bacterial toxins
Inflammatory response
Immune response
27
Changes associated with inflammatory response to bacterial infection
Systemic - pyrexia, HR, RR increase
Local - heat, swelling, pain, redness
Pus
Granulomas
28
2 Cardiovascular consequences of bacterial infection
Congested mucous membranes
Toxic line - horses
29
difference between degenerate neutrophils and toxic change of neutrophils
degenerate = how neutrophils are dying
toxic change = how they are being made
30
3 steps for cells leaving vessels
1. marginalisation
2. adhesions
3. migration
31
3 Signs of neutrophil toxic change
foamy cytoplasm
diffuse cytoplasmic basophilia
Dohle bodies
32
why lactate builds up in sepsis
Blocks normal pathways that lactate would be eliminated through
Increased lactate coming into circulation
33
How coagulopathy develops in sepsis
Inflammation is a pro-coagulators state
Microthrombi will build up in vasculature
Low platelet count
Low coagulation factors
34
Which 2 viruses cause cat flu
calicivirus and herpesvirus
35
clinical signs of cat flu
nasal and ocular discharge
pyrexia
anorexia
lethargy
36
Clinical signs of calf respiratory disease
cough
nasal and ocular discharge
pyrexia
depression
37
clinical signs of canine parvovirus
Vomiting, bloody diarrhoea
Pyrexia
Neutropenia
Villus stunting, crypt dilation and necrosis
38
Why does parvovirus cause neutropenia
Virus also affects the bone marrow
39
What is an example of lentiviruses in cats
FIV
40
Name 3 viruses which cause cancer
Retroviruses
Herpes Viruses
Papillomaviruses
41
2 immunological effects from viral infections and examples
Immune suppression - FIV, BVDV
Immunopathology - FIP
42
Which viruses cause prenatal infections (name 2)
BVD
Schmallenberg
43
which pathogen causes greasy pig disease
Staphylococcus hyicus
44
which pathogen causes strangles in horses
strep equi equi
45
what is the gold standard test for bacterial infections
culture and sensitivity
46
How can you use cytology to confirm bacterial infection
look for intracellular bacteria in neutrophils
47
what colour will gram stain stain gram positive and negative bacteria
Gram positive = purple
gram negative = pink
48
when should you use prophylactic antimicrobials
surgery where contamination is high e.g. colic or joint surgery
49
3 ways to detect a virus
Detection of antigen, nucleic acid or antiviral antibodies
50
diagnostic tests for canine parvovirus
SNAP test or lateral flow
Neutropenia
PCR
51
Diagnostic tests for cat flu
Virus isolation and PCR
52
diagnosis of FIP
Detect FeCoV antibody - not FIP specific tho
Rivalta test - effusion of liquid from abdomen
53
samples to take and diagnosis of avian influenza
samples - tracheal, oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs, fresh tissue sample
diagnosis by RT-qPCR
54
3 aspects of disease control
Biosecurity
Husbandry
Vaccination
55
3 ways in which fungi grow
Yeast (unicellular)
Mould (multicellular filamentous hyphae)
Both (dimorphic)
56
What are fungi cell walls made from
Chitin
Other polysaccharides
57
How to fungi reproduce
Spore formation
58
Are dermatophytes commensals or pathogens
pathogens
59
Fungi classification by habitat - 3 categories
Geophilic - found in soil/environment
Zoophilic - found on animals
Anthropophilic - found on man
60
3 ways in which fungi cause disease
Tissue invasion (mycosis)
Toxin production (mycotoxicosis)
Induction of hypersensitivity
61
3 categories of tissue invasion of fungi (mycosis)
Superficial mycoses
Subcutaneous mycoses
Systemic mycoses
62
What predisposes to tissue invasion of fungi (mycosis)
Immunological deficits
Immunosuppression
Prolonged antibiotic therapy
Traumatised tissues
Persistent moisture
63
2 types of superficial mycosis
Dermatophytosis - caused by dermatophytes
Dermatomycosis - caused by non-dermatophytic fungi
64
What organisms cause Dermatophytosis
Microsporum spp.
Trichophyton spp.
65
What organisms cause Dermatomycosis
Malassezia
Candida
(commensals)
66
How subcutaneous mycosis occur and what are the lesions like
Follow foreign body penetration
Chronic lesions, remain localised
67
What organism causes systemic mycosis
Cryptococcosis (cryptococcus neoformans and gatii)
68
How systemic mycosis occurs and how it spreads through the body
Inhalation of fungus in dust => nasal infection => invasion via cribriform plate => CNS or spread to other sites via blood or lymphatics
69
Definition of chromomycosis
If lesion caused by pigmented fungus
70
Definition of hyalohyphomycosis
If lesion caused by non-pigmented fungi
71
Definition of mycetoma
Organism in granules/grains within lesion, associated with swelling and draining sinus
72
Definition of a pseudomycetoma
Have different granule formation to mycetoma
73
What fungi are commonly associated with toxin production (mycotoxicosis)
Penicillium
Aspergillus (=> aflatoxicosis)
Fusarium
Claviceps ( => ergotism)
74
How do animals become affected by mycotoxicosis
Fungi on crops, pasture or stored feed produce toxins which animas ingest
75
Why is mycotoxicosis an issue in food producing animals
Accumulation in tissues of food-producing animals can result in human exposure
76
What disease is associated with induction of hypersensitivity by fungi in cattle and horses
Chronic pulmonary disease
77
3 pathological changes associated with tissue mycosis
1. Acute suppurative inflammation + micro abscess formation
2. Chronic inflammation - (pyo)granulomatous
3. Necrosis
78
clinical changes with superficial mycoses
alopecia, erythema, ulcers
79
clinical changes associated with subcutaneous mycoses
papules or nodules
Ulceration
Discharging tracts
Regional lymphadenopathy
80
clinical changes associated with systemic mycoses
Granulomas
Pyogranulomas
Necrosis
Systemic illness
81
What species of fungi has more than one manifestation of tissue invasion
Aspergillus
82
Mame 4 diagnostic tests for fungal infections
Direct microscopy
Fungal culture
Histopathology
PCR and woods lamp
83
How to diagnose mycotoxicosis
Epidemiological features
Clinical signs
Confirmation of mycotoxin
84
Which type of hypersensitivity is most commonly associated with fungal infection
Type 1
85
Define an outbreak
Occurrence of more cases of a disease than expected in a given region, community or group; evidence of disease spread within a facility
86
Define endemic disease
Disease commonly found in, or restricted to a particular region, community or group
87
Define epidemic
A level of disease in a population significantly greater than usual
88
Define pandemic
Epidemic that affects multiple regions/areas
89
Define index case
First known infected animal
90
What are the 3 main contributing risk factors to a disease outbreak
Hygiene
Biosecurity
Water source
91
key elements of prevention of a disease outbreak
Good hygiene and biosecurity
Good facility design
Stress reduction
Good nutrition
Preventative treatment
92
Define a zoonotic disease
Animal diseases that can pass between animals and humans
93
Reportable vs Notifiable disease
Reportable - report once case is confirmed
Notifiable - report if you suspect
94
what is the difference between PrPSc and PrPC
PrPc is host-encoded and has high levels of expression in the CNS, not infective
PrPSc is produced by the misfolding of PrPc - infective
95
3 ways in which a host can be infected with PrPSc
Spontaneous
Inherited
Acquired
96
Name the most common prion diseases in: sheep, cattle, cats, goats, deer
Sheep - Scrapie and atypical scrapie
Cattle - BSE
Cats - FSE
Deer - Chronic wasting disease
Goats - BSE
97
Clinical signs of prion disease
Weight loss
Behavioural changes
Licking lips
Grinding teeth
Pruritus
Ataxia and tremors
Death
98
What cell types is predominantly associated with granulomatous disease
Macrophages
99
If neutrophils are found in granuloma, what is it classified as
Pyo-granulomatous
100
Name 3 causes of granulomatous disease
1. microbial agents
2. autoimmune disease
3. foreign bodies
101
Name 5 bacteria that cause granulomatous disease (ABBMR)
Actinobacillus spp.
Burkholderia mallei
Brucella spp.
Mycobacterium spp.
Rhodococcus equi
102
What class of fungi cause granulomatous disease
dimorphic fungi
103
Name 6 species of fungi which cause granulomatous disease (ABCCCH)
Aspergillus fumigatus
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Cryptococcus neofromans
Coccidioides immitis
Candida albicans
Histoplasma capsulatum
104
Name features of Rhodococcis equi and how it causes granulomatous disease
Intracellular, Gram positive bacteria
Proliferates inside macrophages
Inhibits phagosome-lysosome fusion
Young foals - acquire by inhalation
Causes pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia and ulcerative enteritis
105
Name features of Mycobacterium spp. and how it causes granulomatous disease
Johnes Disease and Tuberculosis
Acid-fast, weakly gram-positive, intracellular, non motile
Requires iron for growth
Ingestion is main route of infection
Causes chronic enteritis in cattle
106
Name features of Actinobacillus lignieresii and how it causes granulomatous disease
Wooden tongue disease
Aerobic, non spore forming, gram negative
Commensal in oral cavity - invades when mucosal trauma
Causes pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis
107
Name features of Burkholderia mallei and how it causes granulomatous disease
Glanders disease
Non motile, non spore forming, weakly gram negative
Zoonotic and NOTIFIABLE
108
Name features of Brucella spp. and how it causes granulomatous disease
Transmission by contact with infected tissues/secretions/excretions
Causes bacteraemia
109
Name 3 examples of dimorphic fungi
Candida albicans
Aspergillus fumigatus
Histoplamsa capsulatum
Cryptococcus neoformans
110
Which bacteria causes bTB
Mycobacterium bovis
111
describe the aspects of the 25 year eradication strategy for bTB
3 management zones (high risk, edge, low risk)
Increased frequency testing
Badger culling and vaccination
Biosecurity advice
112
name 3 ways of testing for bTB
Skin testing (SICCT)
Blood testing - interferon gamma
Post mortem inspection
