6) Endocrine Tissue

Question 1

What is the name of the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 1

adenohypophysis

Question 2

What is the name of the posterior pituitary gland?

Answer 2

neurohypophysis

Question 3

Where is the pituitary gland located?

Answer 3

at the base of the brain

Question 4

What hormones does the pituitary gland secrete?

Answer 4

FSH
MSH
TSH
LH
GH
ACTH
posterior - ADH
posterior - oxytocin

Question 5

Where is the thyroid gland located?

Answer 5

anterior to the trachea

Question 6

What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?

Answer 6

T4 - thyroxine

T3 - triodothyroinine

Question 7

Where is the parathyroid gland located?

Answer 7

on the dorsal surface of the thyroid gland

Question 8

What hormone is secreted by the parathyroid gland?

Answer 8

parathormone (PTH)

Question 9

Where is the adrenal gland located?

Answer 9

On top of each kidney

Question 10

What hormones are secreted by the adrenal gland?

Answer 10

corticosteroids
estrogen
progestin

Question 11

Where is the pancreas located?

Answer 11

to the left and behind the stomach

Question 12

What hormones are secreted by the pancreas?

Answer 12

exocrine - digestive enzymes

endocrine - insulin

Question 13

What is a clinical sign of a pituitary tumor?

Answer 13

blurred vission

Question 14

What are 4 things the hypothalamus regulates?

Answer 14

thermoregulation
heart rate
mood
lactation

Question 15

Which pituitary gland has neurons connecting it to the hypothalamus?

Answer 15

Posterior pituitary gland (neurophysis)

Question 16

Name the pituitary portal system

Answer 16

hypophyseal-hypothalamo portal system

Question 17

Describe the structure of portal systems

Answer 17

capillaries of the arterioles, portal vessels (portal veins), capillaries, veins

Question 18

How are the horomones of the pituitary secreted?

Answer 18

merocrine and constitutive secretion

Question 19

Where is the thyroid in relation to the neck and trachea?

Answer 19

on the 3rd and 4th cartilage down
underneath the cricoid cartilage
located on the anterior surface
looks like a butterfly

Question 20

What is hypothyroidism?

Answer 20

Low levels of T3 and T4, high levels of TSH

Question 21

What is hyperthyroidism?

Answer 21

high levels of T3 and T4 , low levels of TSH

Question 22

What are the T3/T4/TSH levels in Hashimotos thyroiditis?

Answer 22

low T3 and T4, high TSH

Question 23

How does Hashimoto’s thyroiditis occur?

Answer 23

The person produces autoantibodies that attack the enzymes that make T3 and T4

Question 24

What enzymes are attacked in Hashimoto’s?

Answer 24

TPO - thyroperoxidase (needed for last step of T3/T4 production)
TG - Thyroglobulin (stores T3/T4)

Question 25

What are the T3/T4 levels in Grave's Thyroiditis?

Answer 25

high T3/T4, low TSH

Question 26

How does Grave's occur?

Answer 26

The body produces anti-TSH antibodies and TSI antibodies. Anti-TSH - blocks TSH from binding TSI - bind directly thyroid to stimulate T3/T4 production

Question 27

What are parafollicular cells?

Answer 27

Neuroendocrine cells that migrate to the thyroid during thyroid development in the embryo and produce calcitonin

Question 28

What is the role of parafollicular cells?

Answer 28

To monitor plasma Ca2+ levels and decrease them by inhibiting osteoclast activity in bones

Question 29

What is the role of the parathyroid gland?

Answer 29

to monitor the plasma calcium concentration

Question 30

How does the parathyroid gland increase the concentration of calcium in the plasma?

Answer 30

Produces parathyroid hormone which causes the bones to release calcium into the blood and absorb more from the GI tract

Question 31

What cells make up the adrenal medulla?

Answer 31

Chromaffin cells

Question 32

How do chromaffin cells secrete hormones?

Answer 32

They are stimulated by nerve impulses

Question 33

What hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?

Answer 33

Adrenaline | Noradrenaline

Question 34

What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 34

outer - Zona glomerulosa middle - Zona fasciculata inner - Zone reticularis

Question 35

What is the function of each layer?

Answer 35

Zone glomerulosa - maintain BP with aldosterone Zona fasciculata - mobilise fats, proteins and carbohydrates with glucocorticoids Zone reticularis - androgen precursors

Question 36

What is the main response of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 36

Stress response

Question 37

What is a stress respnse?

Answer 37

a state of real or perceived threat to homeostasis

Question 38

What changes occur in a stress response?

Answer 38

behavioural changes | physicological changes

Question 39

Name 3 endocrine functions of the pancreas

Answer 39

glucagon - catabolises glycogen to glucose. Alpha cells insulin - uptake and storage of glucose. Beta cells somatostatins - inhibits glucagon and insulin production. delta cells

Question 40

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

Answer 40

Produce lipase Produce amylase Produce ribonuclease