7) Exocrine Glands

Question 1

Name 2 exocrine glands

Answer 1

Liver

Salivary glands

Question 2

What do parotid glands secrete?

Answer 2

serous secretions

mucus secretions

Question 3

Where is the parotid gland located?

Answer 3

Next to the ear

Question 4

Where is the parotid gland in relation to different surfaces?

Answer 4

On the mastoid surface
2cm below the angle of mandible
On the head of the mandible
In the middle of the masseter muscle

Question 5

Which glands produce saliva?

Answer 5

Parotid gland
Submandibular gland
Sublingual gland

Question 6

Where are the submandibular glands located?

Answer 6

Under the mandible

Question 7

What is the structure of the submandibular gland?

Answer 7

Split into 2 parts:
Superficial surface - muscus
Internal surface - serous

Question 8

Which nervous system controls serous secretion?

Answer 8

parasympathetic

Question 9

Which nervous systerm controls mucous secretion?

Answer 9

sympathetic

Question 10

Which nervous systerm controls mucous secretion?

Answer 10

sympathetic

Question 11

Name the 2 bloody supplies to the liver

Answer 11

hepatic portal vein

hepatic artery

Question 12

What is the structure of the hepatic portal vein blood supply?

Answer 12

capillaries in stomach and intestine, hepatic portal vein, sinusoids in liver

Question 13

How does blood travel to the liver from the hepatic artery blood supply?

Answer 13

aorta, hepatic artery, liver
OR
aorta, splenic artery, spleen, hepatic vein, liver

Question 14

What are the 3 types of vessels in the body?

Answer 14

Continuous
Fenesrated
Sinusoid

Question 15

Where are continuous vessles found in the body?

Answer 15

Brain - prevents haematoma

Question 16

Where are fenestrated vessels found in the body?

Answer 16

Small intestine, kidney - allow small molecules to quickly pass through

Question 17

Where are sinusoid vessels found in the body?

Answer 17

Spleen - large molecules AND cells can get through

Question 18

What is the structure of a sinusoid vessel?

Answer 18

Endothelial layer and basment membrane both have large holes in them

Question 19

Why does the liver appear red in H&E staining?

Answer 19

Eosin stains proteins and the liver lobule makes lots of proteins

Question 20

What are the cells of the liver called?

Answer 20

Hepatocytes

Question 21

What is the shape of a liver lobule?

Answer 21

Hexagonal, each point has the portal triad (bile duct, portal vein and hepatic artery). Hepatocytes have a sinusoidal surface between them that connects to the central vein

Question 22

Where are Kupffer cells located?

Answer 22

Within the sinsoid of the hepatocytes and can move into the Spcae of Disse

Question 23

What is the role of Kupffer cells?

Answer 23

Acts as a specialised macrophage. Traps and phagocytoses any damaged or aged erythrocytes mised by the spleen

Question 24

What is the Space of Disse?

Answer 24

The serum like space between the hepatocytes and the sinusoid which contains stellate cells and dendritic cells

Question 25

What is the role of stellate cells?

Answer 25

To pick up lipid in the form of vitamin A, absorb the vitamin A and insert itself between hepatocytes to become Ito cells

Question 26

What is the assumed job of dendritic cells?

Answer 26

To pick up bacteria or fungi and present it to B cells and T cells

Question 27

Where are pit cells located?

Answer 27

In the sinusoid attached to endothelial cells

Question 28

What is the role of pit cells?

Answer 28

To detect cancer cells in the sinusoid and kill them

Question 29

How can you identify liver damage?

Answer 29

Bilirubin processed by the liver will appear yellow

Question 30

What is liver cirrhosis?

Answer 30

When stellite cells lose their ability to store vitamin A and differentiate into myofibroblasts

Question 31

What is the function of the liver?

Answer 31

Storage: iron, Vitamin A, B12, D K, Copper, Glycogen Anabolism (production): proteins enzymes ``` Catabolism (destruction): hormones haemaglobin RBCs toxins ``` other functions: exocrine - bile production endocrine - hormones/growth factors

Question 32

What is autocrine signalling?

Answer 32

Signal is released by hepatocytes and acts on its own receptors

Question 33

What is paracrine signalling?

Answer 33

Acts on adjacent hepatocytes causing them to proliferate

Question 34

What is intracrine signalling?

Answer 34

hormones produced or stored in the cell have an automatic effect on gene synthesis

Question 35

What is endocrine signalling?

Answer 35

Hormone secretion into the blood via an endocrine gland

Question 36

What is consitutive secretion?

Answer 36

Scretion that continuously occurs regardless of external factors