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Year 2 LCRS Anatomy Limbs > 6: Hip Buttock, Thigh > Flashcards

6: Hip Buttock, Thigh Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

What are the two main regions of the lower limb?

A
  1. the gluteal region–> part of the trunk
  2. The “free lower limb”–> (thigh, leg and foot)
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2
Q
A

Acetabular notch

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3
Q
A

Lunate surface of acetablulum

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4
Q

What is the lunate surface of the acetabulum?

A

The articular surface within the acetabular fossa of the acetabulum for the femur

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5
Q

Where is the femural head?

What is the fovea?

A

Femural head= articular surface for acetabulum

Fovea: medial depression on the medial side as attachment for the ligament

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6
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A
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9
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10
Q

What is the trochanteric fossa?

A
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11
Q

What are the two layers of fascia present in the lower limb?

A
  1. Superficial fascia = subcutaneous tissue
  2. Deep fascia –> Fascia lata
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12
Q

What is the fascia lata?

How can it change?

A

The fascia lata extends from the pelvis down the leg underneath the skin like a stocking. A thickened area of it laterally is called the ilio-tibial tract

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13
Q

What are the muscles of the gluteal compartment of the thigh?

A
  1. The gluteal muscles
    • Gluteus maximus
    • Gluteus medius
    • Gluteus minimus
  2. The short external rotators of the hip
    • Piriformis
    • Obturator Internus
    • The gemellus
    • Quadratus Femoris
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14
Q

What are the borders of the femoral triangle?

A

–Superiorly – the inguinal ligament

–Medially – adductor longus

–Laterally - sartorius

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15
Q

What are the contents of the femoral triangle?

What is their organisation?

A

From lateral to medial:

  • Femoral nerve
  • Femoral artery
  • Femoral vein

NAVY

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16
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A
  • Pectineus
  • Ilio-psoas
  • (Tensor fasciae latae) (functionally anterior, supply gluteal)
  • Sartorius
  • Quadriceps femoris
    • Rectus femoris
    • Vastus medialis
    • Vastus intermedius
    • Vastus lateralis
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17
Q

What is the main function of the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

It does hip flexion and knee extension

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18
Q

What is the vascular and neural supply to the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

By the Femoral nerve (L2-4) and the superficial femoral artery

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19
Q

What is the quadriceps?

What are its individual components?

What its function and supply?

A

It has 4 parts

  1. Rectus femoris (only part that crosses hip joint)
  2. Vastus lateralis
  3. Vastus intermedialis
  4. Vastus medialis

–> All join to a common tendion that embeds the patells

Supplied by the femoral artery and nerve, involved in extension of the leg and flexion of the hip

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20
Q

Explain the route of the quadriceps at the patella

A

All 4 quadriceps muscles tendons join to one common tendon–>

Run to patella that is embedded in them

Continue at the patellar ligament ant attaches to the tibia

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21
Q

Which muscles are part of the median compartment of the thigh?

A

the Hip adductors

  • Adductor longus
  • Adductor brevis
  • Adductor magnus
  • Gracilis
  • Obturator externus
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22
Q

Where do muscles from the medial compartment of the thigh attach?

What is their main function?

A

They all attach around the pubis

–> Cause adduction of the hip

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23
Q

What is the nerve and blood supply of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Obturator nerve and artery

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24
Q

Where does the obturator artery originate from?

A

It originates from the internal iliac artery

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25
What is the adductor hiatus? Which structure forms it?
26
Which structures pass through the adductor hiatus ? How do they change?
The femoral artery and vein pass through the adductor hiatus (whole formed by adductor magnus) and become the popliteal vein and artery
27
What is the sartorius muscle? What its function?
It is the longest muscles in the body --\> runs laterally in the anterior compartment of the thigh and crosses to insert at the medial border of the tibia --\> Tailors muscle : abduction of hip and flexion of the knee
28
Which muscles are there in the posterior compartment of the thigh? How are they also known?
Posterior muscles, also known as "Hamstrings " * semimembranous * semitendenous * biceps femoris
29
Where to the muscles of the posterior comparment of the thigh originate? What is their main function?
Most of them: from Ischium (tuberosity) They will flex the knee and extend the hip
30
Which structure forms the floor of the femural triangle?
The pectineus (+ part of the iliacus)
31
What is the saphenous opening?
It is an opening in the femoral sheath that allows the saphenous vein to join the femoral vein
32
What is the neural and vascular supply of the posterior compartment of the thigh?
They are supplied by the inferior gluteal and branches from the profund femoral artery The neural supply is by the **tibial branch** of the **sciatic nerve**
33
Explain the nerve supply to the gluteal muscles of the thigh
Gluteal muscles= * Superior gluteal nerve to medius and minimus * Inferior gluteal nerve to maximus
34
What is the femoral sheath?
A layer of fascia that embeddes the femoral artery and vein (not the nerve!) around the femoral triangle
35
What is the adductor canal? What are other names for it?
Also called: Hunters canal: It is a canal formed by the * Vastus medialis (anteriorly) * Adductor longus and adductor magnus (posteriorly) * Sartorius (medially) that carries the **femoral atery+ vein and the saphenous nerve** *Picture: section halfway of femur*
36
Generally speaking: Which structure do most structures passing from the pelvis to the thigh go through?
The greater sciatic foramen
37
Explain the route of the sciatic nerve from the hip to the knee
* Passes from pelvis to buttock via greater sciatic notch/foramen * In the buttock, lies in the inferior and medial quadrant * Passes along posterior aspect of the thigh * Divides into the tibial nerve and the common peroneal nerve (also called: common fibular nerve)
38
Explain the position of the sciatic nerve in respect to the piriformis muscle
Normally: Sciatic nerve enters glueal region **below piriformis** ## Footnote but there can be anatomical variation: might pierce the muslce or one part comes off superior to prirformis, one part inferior to piriformis
39
What is the safe area in the thigh/ gluteal area? Why is it important? How do you determine it?
It is the area wher IM injections can be performed without hitting the sciatic nerve Position the index finger on the ASIS and the middle finger on the iliac tubercle --\> safe area is the area in between!
40
What happens physiologically, when you stand on one leg?
Normally: the abductors of the thigh prevent tilting of the pelvis when a limb is raised.
41
Which muscles are the hip adductors?
Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Tensor fascia lata
42
What is the Trendelbergs Test?
Test for hip abductors: 1. Subject stands upright on both feet 2. Examiner stands behind. 3. Note the level of both iliac crests. 4. Subject is asked to stand on one leg. A drop in the level of iliac crest on the unsupported side indicates weakness of the hip abductors on the stance side.
43
What type of joint is the hip joint?
It is a synovial joint with hyaline cartilage between the head of the femur and the acetabulum
44
What is the acetabular notch?
The lower part of the acetabulum without bony support
45
How is the acetabular notch stabelised?
It is stabelised by the transverse ligament of the acetabulum
46
Explain the difference between the anterior and the posterior part of the capuse of the hip bone
The capsule of the hip bone extends further anteriorly that posteriorly
47
Which ligaments stablelise the hip joint?
* Ilio-femoral ligament * Pubo-femoral ligament * Ischio-femoral ligament * The ligament of the head of the femur (less important)
48
Summarise the blood supply to the head of the femur. Why might this be clinically relevant?
Blood supply travels in the joint capsule of the hip joint: * Acetabular branch of the obturator artery * Lateral circumflex * and Medial circumflex femoral arteries Most of the supply is distally--\> in fracture of the femural neck it might lead to vascular acrosis when blood supply is disrupted
49
Explain the couse of the arteries in the thigh from the Aorta to the Knee
1. Aorta --\> bifurcates into * Right and left common iliac * Internal iliac artery * External iliac artery becomes * Femoral artery beneath the inguinal ligament * Bifurcates into * Superficial femoral artery * Profund femoral artery
50
What are the perfurating arteries of the thigh?
Branches of the prfund femoral artery
51
What is the name of the large superficial vein of the tigh? Where does it run?
The long **saphenous** vein It runs medially in the thigh
52
Summarise the deep venous drainage of the thigh
1. Popliteal vein becomes the 2. Femoral vein at the adductor hiatus, * joined by the saphenoid vein at the Sapheno-femoral junction and becomes * Venae comitantes of the profunda femoris artery 3. External iliac vein at the inguinal ligament
53
Summarise the lymphatic drainiage of the thigh and areas of prominent lymph nodes
•Lymph flows with the superficial and deep veins There are important: * •Superficial inguinal lymph nodes * •Deep inguinal lymph nodes * •External iliac lymph nodes * Polpiteal lymph nodes
54
Which spinal nerves supply the Hip Flexors?
L2,3
55
Which spinal nerves supply the Hip Extensors?
L4,5
56
Which spinal nerves supply the Knee extensors?
L3,4
57
Which spinal nerves supply the Knee flexors?
L5, S1
58
Map the dermatomes of the thigh and leg
59
How is the anatomical region between the hip and the knee called, and the knee and the foot called?
Between hip and knee= thigh Between knee and foot= leg
60
The fascia of which muscles forms the iliotibial trace?
the facia of gluteus maximus and tensor facia lata

Year 2 LCRS Anatomy Limbs (15 decks)

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