6 Intestines Flashcards

(80 cards)

1
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum.

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2
Q

What are the components of the large intestine?

A

Caecum, appendix, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal.

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3
Q

Where does the small intestine begin and end?

A

Begins at the pylorus/ c shape duodenum , leads into the jejunum and ileum and ends at the ileocaecal junction.

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4
Q

Where does the large intestine begin and end?

A

Begins at the caecum and ends at the anal canal.

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5
Q

Where is the duodenum located anatomically?

A

In the right upper quadrant, spanning L1–L3 vertebral levels from top to bottom

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6
Q

How are the jejunum and ileum positioned?

A

They coil into loops that span across all abdominal quadrants.

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7
Q

What is the main function of the small intestine?

A

Nutrient absorption.

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8
Q

What shape does the duodenum form?

A

A C-shaped loop around the head of the pancreas.

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9
Q

Where does the duodenum start and end?

A

From the pylorus to the duodenojejunal flexure.

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10
Q

At what level is the duodenojejunal flexure located?

A

Around L2 vertebra, 2–3 cm left of midline.

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11
Q

what parts of the duodenum are intraperiotenea/retroperiotnela

A

the first/ superior part is the only part that is intraperitoneal as it has the hepatoduodenal ligament that wraps around it and the rest is retroperitoneal

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12
Q

Which part of the duodenum is intraperitoneal?

A

The proximal part of the first (superior) part.

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13
Q

What vertebral levels correspond to the four parts of the duodenum?

A

1st: anterolateral to L1; 2nd: right of L1–L3; 3rd: crosses L3; 4th: rises from left of L3 to L2.

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14
Q

What feature characterises the internal duodenal wall?

A

Circular folds.

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15
Q

Where is the major duodenal papilla located and what is its function?

A

In the 2nd part of duodenum; it releases bile and pancreatic juice.

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16
Q

What anatomical landmark separates the foregut from the midgut?

A

The level of the major duodenal papilla.

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17
Q

Which artery supplies the proximal duodenum?

A

Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery via the gastroduodenal artery.

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18
Q

Which artery supplies the distal duodenum?

A

Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery from the SMA.

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19
Q

Where do duodenal veins drain?

A

Into the hepatic portal vein or via superior mesenteric and splenic veins.

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20
Q

Where does the jejunum begin?

A

At the duodenojejunal flexure.

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21
Q

Where does the ileum end?

A

At the ileocaecal junction.

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22
Q

What proportion of the small intestine is jejunum and ileum?

A

Jejunum: 2/5, Ileum: 3/5.

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23
Q

How do circular folds differ between jejunum and ileum?

A

More prominent in jejunum.

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24
Q

Which has more lymphatic follicles: jejunum or ileum?

A

Ileum.

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25
How do vasa recta and arcades differ between jejunum and ileum?
Jejunum: longer vasa recta, fewer arcades; Ileum: shorter vasa recta, more arcades.
26
What is the mesentery?
A fan-shaped peritoneal fold attaching jejunum and ileum to the posterior abdominal wall.
27
What does the mesentery contain?
Superior mesenteric vessels and autonomic nerves.
28
At what level does the SMA arise from the aorta?
Level of L1, 1 cm inferior to the coeliac trunk.
29
What arteries branch from the SMA to supply the jejunum and ileum?
Jejunal and ileal arteries.
30
What is the primary function of the large intestine?
Absorb water and form faeces.
31
Name three features unique to the large intestine.
Omental appendages, teniae coli, haustra.
32
What are omental (epiploic) appendages?
Small, fatty peritoneal projections.
33
What are teniae coli?
Longitudinal bands of smooth muscle, they kind of bring together the two ends of the large intestine together and create these sort of pouches
34
What are haustra?
Sacculations (pouches) of the colon wall.
35
What is the caecum and where is it located?
A blind pouch at the beginning of the large intestine, appendix is an extension of it.
36
What tissue is found in the appendix?
Lymphoid tissue.
37
What peritoneal classification do caecum and appendix have?
Intraperitoneal.
38
What artery supplies the caecum?
Ileocolic artery (branch of SMA).
39
What artery supplies the appendix?
Appendicular artery (branch of ileocolic artery).
40
Describe the position of the ascending colon.
Retroperitoneal, from caecum to right colic flexure.
41
Describe the position of the transverse colon.
Intraperitoneal, from right to left colic flexure.
42
Describe the position of the descending colon.
Retroperitoneal, from left colic flexure to sigmoid colon.
43
Describe the position of the sigmoid colon.
Intraperitoneal, S-shaped, from descending colon to rectum.
44
What embryological regions supply the colon?
Midgut (proximal 2/3), hindgut (distal 1/3).
45
What is the main artery for the midgut portion of colon?
Superior mesenteric artery (SMA).
46
What is the main artery for the hindgut portion of colon?
Inferior mesenteric artery (IMA).
47
Describe the arterial blood supply to the right and left colic flexures.
✅ Model answer: Right colic flexure (hepatic flexure): Supplied by branches of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA): Right colic artery Middle colic artery (may also contribute via anastomosis) Left colic flexure (splenic flexure): Supplied by: Left colic artery (branch of the inferior mesenteric artery [IMA]) Middle colic artery (branch of the SMA) 🔄 The marginal artery of Drummond runs along the colon and provides important collateral circulation between these SMA and IMA branches.
48
What does the marginal artery do?
Forms an arterial arcade along the colon.
49
What veins drain the midgut and hindgut portions of the colon?
Midgut: superior mesenteric vein; Hindgut: inferior mesenteric vein.
50
At what vertebral level does the IMA arise?
L3.
51
What arteries branch from the SMA to supply the colon?
Right and middle colic arteries.
52
What arteries branch from the IMA to supply the colon?
Left colic and sigmoid arteries.
53
What artery supplies the upper rectum?
Superior rectal artery.
54
What is the most common anatomical position of the appendix?
Retrocaecal.
55
Why is appendix position clinically significant?
It affects the site of pain and muscle spasm in appendicitis.
56
Where is the McBurney point located?
One-third along the oblique line from the right ASIS to the umbilicus.
57
What does tenderness at McBurney point indicate?
Appendicitis.
58
Why does early appendicitis cause vague periumbilical pain?
Visceral peritoneum is stretched; referred to T10.
59
Why does pain localise to lower right quadrant later in appendicitis?
Parietal peritoneum becomes irritated.
60
What marks the transition from duodenum to jejunum?
Duodenojejunal flexure.
61
What fold contains the appendicular artery?
Mesoappendix.
62
What is the name of the loop formed by jejunum and ileum?
The intestinal loop.
63
What is the anatomical relationship of the 2nd part of the duodenum?
It runs along the right side of L1–L3 vertebrae.
64
How does the duodenum change from retroperitoneal to intraperitoneal?
At the duodenojejunal flexure.
65
What ligament attaches to the 1st part of the duodenum?
Hepatoduodenal ligament.
66
Which artery forms a dual arcade at the duodenum?
Superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries.
67
Which structure pierces the major duodenal papilla?
Common bile duct and major pancreatic duct.
68
What landmark is used during surgery to locate the appendix?
The base near the McBurney point.
69
What vessels supply both the pancreas and duodenum?
Superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries.
70
What is the anatomical feature of the sigmoid colon?
It forms an S-shaped loop.
71
What is the significance of vasa recta differences?
Helps distinguish jejunum vs ileum during surgery.
72
What mesenteric feature ensures intestinal mobility?
The fan-shaped mesentery.
73
What is the typical vertebral range of the duodenum?
L1–L3.
74
Which artery supplies the terminal ileum and caecum?
Ileocolic artery.
75
What does the SMA supply in the intestines?
Duodenum (distal), jejunum, ileum, caecum, ascending and part of transverse colon.
76
What does the IMA supply in the intestines?
Descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum.
77
What is the role of the marginal artery in surgical procedures?
It maintains collateral circulation along the colon.
78
What part of the colon transitions from midgut to hindgut?
Distal 1/3 of the transverse colon.
79
What is the function of lymphoid tissue in the appendix?
Immune surveillance and response.
80
What anatomical features help distinguish colon from small intestine in imaging?
Teniae coli, haustra, and omental appendages.