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8 Pelvis and Perineum Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the primary functions of the pelvic girdle?

A

Bearing upper body weight, transferring weight to lower limbs, providing muscle attachment, and protecting pelvic viscera.

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2
Q

what is your true pelvis?

A

what they call the ‘ lesser pelvis’ it is between the pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet

-the dark green in the diagram

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3
Q

Which bones form the pelvic girdle in a mature individual?

A

Right and left hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx.

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4
Q

what’s another term for pelvic girdle?

A

bony pelvis

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5
Q

What are the three bones that fuse to form the hip bone?

A

Ilium, ischium, and pubis.

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6
Q

What joints connect the pelvic girdle anteriorly and posteriorly?

A

Pubic symphysis (anteriorly), sacroiliac joints (posteriorly).

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7
Q

What type of joint is the pubic symphysis?

A

Secondary cartilaginous joint.

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8
Q

Which cartilage unites the three bones in a child’s hip?

A

Triradiate cartilage at the acetabulum.

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9
Q

What is the acetabulum?

A

A cup-like depression that articulates with the head of the femur.

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10
Q

Which vertebrae fuse to form the sacrum?

A

Five sacral vertebrae.

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11
Q

Name the palpable landmarks on the ilium.

A

ASIS, AIIS, iliac tubercle, arcuate line.

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12
Q

what planes can we draw on the ileum

A

transtubecular plane across both iliac tubercles
interspinous plane across both ASIS

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13
Q

Which bony features are present on the ischium?

A

Ischial spine, ischial tuberosity, lesser sciatic notch.

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14
Q

What are the key landmarks of the pubis?

A

Pubic tubercle, pubic crest, pecten pubis.

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15
Q

What forms the pelvic inlet?

A

Sacral promontory and ala, arcuate line, pecten pubis, and pubic crest.

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16
Q

What is another name for the pelvic inlet?

A

Superior pelvic aperture.

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17
Q

What forms the pelvic outlet?

A

Pubic arch, ischiopubic rami, ischial tuberosities, sacrotuberous ligaments, coccyx tip.

the space on top of the pelvic outlet is the greater pelvis

the pelvic outlet also works as roof to the perineum

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18
Q

What is another name for the pelvic outlet?

A

Inferior pelvic aperture.

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19
Q

what is the ischial pubic ramus?

A

fusion of the inferior ramus of the pubis and the ramus of the ischium, creating a single structure on each side of the pelvis

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20
Q

What is the orientation of the pelvic girdle?

A

Tilted anteriorly so that the pubic symphysis and ASIS lie in the same vertical plane.

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21
Q

Which ligament lies deep between the ilia and sacrum?

A

Interosseous sacroiliac ligament.

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22
Q

What is the function of the interosseous sacroiliac ligament?

A

Transfers axial weight from trunk to ilia and compresses sacroiliac joints.

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23
Q

Name other important ligaments of the pelvic girdle.

A

Anterior and posterior sacroiliac ligaments, sacrotuberous, sacrospinous, iliolumbar.

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24
Q

What structures form the greater and lesser sciatic notches?

A

The ischium and sacrospinous/sacrotuberous ligaments.

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25
ilio lumbar ligament
26
anterior sacroiliac ligament
27
what ligament is this
sacrospinal ligament
28
what ligament is this
sacrotuberous
29
What anatomical feature most clearly shows early sexual differences in the pelvis?
The pubic arch.
30
Why do male and female pelvises differ?
Adaptation for childbearing in females.
31
How does the female pubic arch compare to the male?
It is wider and more rounded in females.
32
When do other sexual pelvic differences develop?
From infancy through to puberty.
33
What defines the boundaries of the pelvic cavity?
Between the pelvic inlet and pelvic diaphragm (outlet).
34
What muscles make up the pelvic floor?
Levator ani and coccygeus.
35
What are the three parts of levator ani?
Puborectalis, pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus.
36
What is the function of the levator ani?
Support pelvic organs and maintain continence.
37
What is the tendinous arch of levator ani?
A thickened line of fascia on obturator internus for muscle origin.
38
What is the function of the pelvic floor during increased abdominal pressure?
Contracts to support organs during coughing, sneezing, lifting, etc.
39
What hiatuses are present in the pelvic floor?
Urethral hiatus and anorectal hiatus.
40
What are the muscular walls of the pelvic cavity?
Obturator internus and piriformis.
41
What overlies the obturator internus?
Obturator fascia.
42
What is the perineum anatomically?
Area between the thighs, inferior to the pelvic floor.
43
What is the perineum in the lithotomy position?
Diamond-shaped area from mons pubis to gluteal folds.
44
What divides the perineum into two triangles?
A transverse line between ischial tuberosities.
45
What lies in the anal triangle?
Anal canal and anus surrounded by ischio-anal fat.
46
What lies in the urogenital triangle?
Urethra (both sexes) and vagina (females), covered by the perineal membrane.
47
What is the perineal membrane?
Deep fascia lining the urogenital triangle.
48
What structures pass through the pelvic floor?
Urethra, vagina (female), rectum, prostate (male).
49
What organs are seen in the midsagittal view of a female pelvis?
Bladder, uterus, vagina, rectum, clitoris.
50
What organs are seen in the midsagittal view of a male pelvis?
Bladder, prostate, urethra, penis, rectum.
51
What is the perineal body?
A fibromuscular mass at the midpoint between ischial tuberosities.
52
Why is the perineal body clinically significant?
It's the site of convergence for pelvic floor and perineal muscles.
53
Name muscles converging at the perineal body.
Levator ani, external anal sphincter, external urethral sphincter, others.
54
What may happen if the perineal body is damaged?
Loss of support to pelvic organs and incontinence.
55
How can childbirth affect the perineal body?
It may be stretched or torn, weakening pelvic floor support.
56
Which parts of the levator ani are most vulnerable during childbirth?
Puborectalis and pubococcygeus.
57
What can result from weakened levator ani post-childbirth?
Urinary stress incontinence, uterine prolapse, faecal incontinence.
58
What is the effect of raised intra-abdominal pressure on a weakened pelvic floor?
Increased risk of prolapse or incontinence.
59
What does tonic contraction of levator ani achieve?
Maintains organ support and continence at rest.
60
What increases levator ani contraction reflexively?
Coughing, sneezing, lifting, and exertion.
61
What is the role of obturator internus and piriformis?
They form pelvic walls and assist in locomotion.
62
What part of the sacrum forms part of the pelvic inlet?
The promontory and ala.
63
What are the arcuate line and pecten pubis part of?
Linea terminalis of the pelvic inlet.
64
What bones contribute to the ischiopubic rami?
Inferior pubic rami and ischial rami.
65
What landmark lies between the greater and lesser sciatic notches?
Ischial spine.
66
What muscle group supports the anorectal angle?
Puborectalis (part of levator ani).
67
What kind of joint is the anterior part of the sacroiliac joint?
Synovial joint.
68
What kind of joint is the posterior part of the sacroiliac joint?
Syndesmosis.
69
70
Where is the pelvis located in relation to the abdomen?
It is inferoposterior to the abdomen.
71
What is the pelvis a transitional area between?
Between the trunk and the lower limbs.
72
What does the greater pelvis contain?
Some inferior abdominal viscera.
73
Where is the lesser pelvis located?
Between the pelvic inlet and outlet.
74
What does the lesser pelvis house?
The pelvic cavity and the perineum.
75
What structure separates the pelvic cavity and the perineum?
The pelvic diaphragm.
76
What structures are included in the perineum?
The anus and external genitalia.
77
Which anatomical landmark marks the beginning of the pelvic cavity?
The pelvic inlet.
78
What defines the exit of the pelvic cavity?
The pelvic outlet.
79
What is the pelvic brim?
The boundary between the greater and lesser pelvis.
80
What does the term 'perineal region' refer to in anatomical diagrams?
The area between the thighs, inferior to the pelvic diaphragm.
81
What anatomical structures are shown as part of the pelvic outlet in the labelled diagram?
Pubic symphysis, pelvic outlet, tip of coccyx.
82
How does the false pelvis differ between sexes?
It is shallow in females and deep in males.
83
Describe the shape and dimensions of the true pelvis in females.
The female true pelvis is wide and shallow and has a cylindrical shape.
84
Describe the shape and dimensions of the true pelvis in males.
The male true pelvis is narrow and deep, and it tapers inferiorly.
85
What is the shape of the pelvic inlet in females?
It is oval and rounded, and generally wide.
86
What is the shape of the pelvic inlet in males?
It is heart-shaped and narrow.
87
How does the pubic arch and subpubic angle differ between sexes?
In females, it is wide (90–100º); in males, it is narrow (<70º).
88
What is the projection of the sacral promontory like in females?
It has a less pronounced projection.
89
What is the projection of the sacral promontory like in males?
It has a greater projection.
90
What is the functional significance of the wider female pelvic inlet and subpubic angle?
These features represent adaptations for childbirth, facilitating passage of the fetal head.
91
When does the pubic arch begin to show sexual differences?
Early on during gestation.
92
What anatomical space lies between the pelvic inlet and the pelvic diaphragm?
The pelvic cavity.
93
What forms the walls and floor of the pelvic cavity?
Muscles — specifically, the pelvic walls and the pelvic diaphragm (floor).
94
What is the pelvic floor also referred to as?
The pelvic diaphragm.
95
How is the pelvic floor positioned relative to the pelvic outlet?
It is suspended superior to the pelvic outlet but descends centrally, forming a bowl-shaped structure.
96
What anatomical region lies inferior to the pelvic floor?
The perineum.
97
What forms the roof of the perineal cavity?
The pelvic floor (pelvic diaphragm).
98
What two muscles make up the pelvic diaphragm?
Levator ani and coccygeus.
99
What three muscles make up levator ani?
Puborectalis, pubococcygeus, and iliococcygeus.
100
name these muscles
101
What fascia covers the obturator internus muscle and contributes to levator ani origin?
The obturator fascia.
102
What is the tendinous arch of levator ani?
A thickened line on the obturator fascia that provides origin for levator ani.
103
Which muscles form the walls of the pelvic cavity and contribute to locomotion?
Obturator internus and piriformis.
104
What organs pass through the pelvic floor in females?
Urethra, vagina, and rectum.
105
In anatomical diagrams, how is the pelvic diaphragm shown in females?
As a muscular sheet between the pelvic cavity and the perineum, surrounding the urethra, vagina, and rectum.

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