6. Muscles and Joints

Question 1

Five functions of muscles?

Answer 1

1. motion
2. movement of body fluids (heart pumps blood)
3. regulation of body fluids (kidneys)
4. body stability (posture)
5. head production (85% of body heat from muscles)

Question 2

Explain how body produces heat

Answer 2

85% of body’s heat comes from muscles

ex. when you’re cold - body shivers - produces heat

Question 3

Three muscle types?

Answer 3

1. skeletal
2. smooth/visceral
3. cardiac

Question 4

Skeletal muscle

Answer 4

attach to the bones of the skeleton
striated (has stripes)
peripherally located nuclei (nucleus located at edge of cell)
voluntary muscle - operate under conscious control

Question 5

Smooth/Visceral muscle

Answer 5

found in walls of hollow organs and tubes
ex. stomach, intestines, blood vessels
no striations
involuntary muscle 
centrally located nuclei

Question 6

Cardiac muscle

Answer 6

heart muscle
form the walls of the heart
striated
intercalated disks (only in cardiac)
centrally located nuclei
involuntary

Question 7

Eight ways muscles are named

Answer 7

1. function
2. shape
3. relative position
4. location
5. size of attachment
6. origin and insertion
7. size
8. orientation of fibers

Question 8

Muscles named for Function

Answer 8

extensor (extend)
flexor (flex)
adductor
pronator

Question 9

Muscles named for Shape

Answer 9

trapezius (trapezoid)
rhomboideus (rhomboid)
deltoid (delta-shaped/triangular)
biceps (two heads)
triceps (three heads)

Question 10

Muscles named for Relative Position

Answer 10

external, internal, abdominal, medial, lateral

vastas laterals - toward side

Question 11

Muscles named for Location

Answer 11

intercostal (between the ribs)
pectoralis (chest)
pectoralis major = chest muscles

Question 12

Muscles named for Size of Attachment

Answer 12

temporalis (temporal bone)

zygomaticus (zygomatic bone)

Question 13

Muscles named for Origin and Insertion

Answer 13

sternohyoid (origin = sternum; insertion = hyoid)

sternocleidomastoid (origin=sternum and clavicle; insertion=mastoid process)

Question 14

Muscles named for Size

Answer 14

maximus (largest or largest)
minimus (smaller or smallest)
brevis (short)
longus (long)
ex. gluteus maximus: big muscles on butt

Question 15

Muscles named for Orientation of Fibers

Answer 15

oblique (diagonal) - abs
rectus (straight) - 6 pack
transverse (across)

Question 16

Arthralgia

Answer 16

pain in joints

Question 17

Atrophy

Answer 17

wasting away
without development
don’t use it = lose it

Question 18

Contraction

Answer 18

reduction in size, especially in muscle fibers
at microscopic level
two ends of a cell are pulled together, reducing in size
toned muscles are in a state of contraction at all times

Question 19

Contracture

Answer 19

abnormal bending of a join in a fixed position
usually caused by atrophy and shortening muscle fibers
ex. Dupuytren’s contracture - hand’s in fixed position

Question 20

Fascia

Answer 20

thin sheets of fibrous connective tissue

penetrate and cover entire muscle

Question 21

Tendon

Answer 21

connective tissue
attaches muscles to bone
(achilles tendon = calf muscle to heel)

Question 22

Ligament

Answer 22

connective tissue

attaches bone to bone

Question 23

Insertion

Answer 23

point of muscle attachment to a bone that it moves

more moveable side of muscle/bone

Question 24

Origin

Answer 24

point of muscle attachment to a bone that is less moveable

the more fixed end of an attachment

Question 25

Subluxation

Answer 25

partial dislocation (vertebral sublix - pop joints back in place) causes pain in the area

Question 26

Sprain

Answer 26

tearing injury to ligaments when ligament hurt, stretched, or torn ex. sprain ankle, ligaments in ankle torn from twisting

Question 27

Strain

Answer 27

tearing injury to muscle or attachment of tendon muscles pulled apart (muscle pull) from over-stretching, overextension, or misuse

Question 28

Involuntary muscle

Answer 28

muscles that act without conscious control controlled by autonomic nervous system and hormones ex. heart pumping blood

Question 29

Voluntary muscles

Answer 29

muscles that operate under conscious control those that are responsible for movement of the face, eyes, tongue, and pharynx skeletal muscles

Question 30

Synovial fluid

Answer 30

thick, lubricating fluid in synovial joint helps with movement of joints found inside joint cavity lubricates the area around the joint where friction is most likely to occur ex. knee or elbow

Question 31

Bursa

Answer 31

sac that hold synovial fluid | buritis - tennis elbow - becomes inflamed

Question 32

Olecranon process

Answer 32

elbow

Question 33

IM

Answer 33

intramuscular

Question 34

DIP

Answer 34

Distal Interphalangeal Joint under fingertips furthest joint from body

Question 35

PIP

Answer 35

Proximal Interphalangeal Joint | ex. knuckles

Question 36

DTR

Answer 36

Deep Tendon Reflexes | doctor checks with mallet under knee, foot kicks out

Question 37

EMG

Answer 37

Electromyography | testing electrical activity of muscles

Question 38

Striated muscle

Answer 38

muscles that have a striped appearance when viewed under microscope ex. skeletal and cardiac

Question 39

sed rate

Answer 39

sedimentary rate how fast red blood cells settle at bottom of test tube *all lab tests are usually abbreviations

Question 40

Flexion

Answer 40

a bending motion decreases the angle between two joints/bones ex. ankle up toward hip joint ex. hold arm out bring fist toward shoulder, decreasing angle between wrist and shoulder

Question 41

Extension

Answer 41

straightening motion increases the angle between two joints/bones extend arm and move wrist away from shoulder

Question 42

Adduction

Answer 42

adding to the midline movement of bone toward midline of body ex. moving legs together ex. arms out parallel to floor, drop arms down

Question 43

Abduction

Answer 43

moving away from midline movement of bone away from midline of body ex. moving legs apart tip: kid abducted away from family

Question 44

Supination

Answer 44

turning the palm up or forward similar to supine position - face up tip: holding a cup of soup in palm of hand

Question 45

Pronation

Answer 45

turning the palm down or backward | similar to prone position - face down

Question 46

Dorsiflexion

Answer 46

food decreases the angle between the leg and the top of the foot bending the foot backward, or upward, at the ankle flexing foot, bringing toes toward leg

Question 47

Plantar flexion

Answer 47

foot increases the angle between the leg and the top of the foot bending foot downward, at the ankle, as in ballet dancing pointing toes down

Question 48

Ankylosing spondylitis

Answer 48

``` arthritis affecting the vertebral column causing deformities to the spine causes kyphosis (humpback) arthritis of vertebrae ```

Question 49

Muscular dystrophy (MD)

Answer 49

weakness of degeneration of muscle without nerve degeneration genetic disorder nerves are okay muscles weaken, muscle atrophy

Question 50

Bunion (hallux valgus)

Answer 50

abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great/big toe often occurs as a result of arthritis or chronic irritation and pressure from wearing ill-fitting shoes big toe curves in toward second toe; hump at side bunionectomy - surgery to remove

Question 51

Ganglion

Answer 51

``` cystic tumor on a tendon usually on the back of the wrist filled with jelly-like substance sometimes comes and goes usually painless needle aspiration - take fluid out with needle ```

Question 52

Gout

Answer 52

form of acute arthritis inflammation of first metatarsal joint of great toe hereditary disease large amounts of uric acid builds up in blood and synovial fluid of joints stay away from red meat (increases uric acid) usually located on toe

Question 53

Herniated nucleus pulposus

Answer 53

herniated disk/slipped disk/ruptured disk intervertebral disk sips rupture of the central portion, nucleus, of the disk through the disk wall and into the spinal canal

Question 54

Lyme disease

Answer 54

acute recurrent inflammatory infection transmitted through the bite of an infected deer tick red itchy rash with circular center (bulls eye) treated with antibiotics - can't get rid of it sore joints, joint pain, fatigue, muscle pain, headaches are symptoms

Question 55

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 55

chronic systemic (throughout body) inflammatory joint disease mainly small peripheral joints (hands/feet) cause pain and deformity of hands woman affected 2-3x more than men

Question 56

Plantar fasciitis

Answer 56

inflamed fascia on the plantar (bottom) side of foot painful heel treatment - rest, evaluation of shoes and actives and NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflamattory drugs) comes and goes

Question 57

Arthrocentesis

Answer 57

puncture of a joint with a needle to extract fluid for analysis on knee sometimes

Question 58

Arthroplasty

Answer 58

surgical reconstruction or replacement of a joint TKA = total knee arthroplasty THR = total hip replacement

Question 59

Rheumatoid factor

Answer 59

blood test measures the unusual antibodies that develop in a number of connective tissue diseases check to see if someone has arthritis ex. rheumatoid arthritis

Question 60

Sed rate

Answer 60

blood test that measures the rate at which RBCs (red blood cells) settle in the bottom of a test tube filled with unclotted blood more elevated the sed rate = more severe inflammation