9. Blood & Lymphatic Systems Flashcards
(97 cards)
0
Q
4 functions of blood
A
- transports materials (oxygen/nutrients) and removes waste
- regulates pH (blood is pH balanced)
- prevents excessive blood loss (platelets)
- fight infection (white blood cells)
1
Q
Blood
A
made up of blood cells and platelets (formed elements) suspended in plasma (liquid portion)
2
Q
Viscosity
A
- thickness of fluid compared to water
- blood is thicker than water
- blood is 5x thicker than water
3
Q
Blood cells formed in?
A
red bone marrow at ends of long bone
4
Q
Hematology
A
scientific study of blood and blood-forming tissue
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Q
Hematologist
A
specialist in study of hematology
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Q
Hematopoesis
A
red bone marrow makes red blood cells
7
Q
3 main types of blood cells
A
- red blood cells / erythrocytes
- white blood cells / leukocytes
- platelets / thrombocytes
8
Q
Red blood cells are called what?
A
erythrocytes
9
Q
White blood cells are called what?
A
leukocytes
10
Q
Platelets are also called what?
A
thromobcytes
11
Q
Red blood cells / erythrocytes
A
- tiny, bioncave disk (thinner center / concave on both sides)
- no nuclei
- average life span is 120 days
- contain hemoglobin
- bright red color
- primary function is to transport oxygen to cells of the body
- all RBC look the same
12
Q
Average life span of RBC/erythrocytes?
A
120 days
13
Q
Hemoglobin
A
- complex protein-iron compund
- heme (iron) and globin (protein)
- transports oxygen and helps get rid of CO2
14
Q
5 types of white blood cells
A
- neutrophils
- eosinphils
- basophils
- lympocytes
- monocytes
15
Q
WBC/leukocyte characteristics
A
- colorless
- different sizes and different nuclei
- larger than erythrocytes but fewer in number
- has nuclei
- no hemoglobin
- have to be stained to distinguish between the types
16
Q
3 ways to tell leukocytes apart
A
- shape of their nucleus
- presence or absence of granules and cytoplasm
- size of the cell
17
Q
2 categories of WBC?
A
- granulocytes (granules in cytoplasm)
2. agranulocytes (no granules in cytoplasm)
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Q
Granulocytes
A
- neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
* have granules in their cytoplasm that absorb various dyes
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Q
3 granulocytes
A
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
20
Q
Neutrophils
A
- WBC/leukocyte granulocyte
- most abundant leukocyte (60-70% of WBC)
- lavender-staining granules in cytoplasm
- first to respond to tissue damage
- phagocytosis - engulf bacteria and debris
21
Q
Eosinophils
A
- WBC granulocyte
- bilobed nucleus (2 lobes)
- red-staining granules in cytoplasm
- destroy parasitic worms
- 2-4% of all WBC
- increase in number during an allergic reaction and parasitic worm infestation
- reduce inflammation by neutralizing histamine
22
Q
Basophils
A
- WBC granulocyte
- anti-clotting
- least numbered (less than 1% of WBC)
- U-Shaped nucleus (2 lobes)
- blue-staining granules in cytoplasm
- release histamine and heparin when tissues are damaged or in allergic reaction
23
Q
How do eosinophils and basophils work together?
A
- basophils release histamine, eosinophils east up excess histamine
- basophils release histamine and cause inflammation so all WBC and come to area and remove debris; then eosinophils remove excess histamine to reduce swelling
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Histamine
* dialates blood vessels
* causes swelling to area
* released during an allergic reaction
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Heparin
* inhibits clot formation
* natural anticougulant
* prevents clotting
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Agranulocytes
* monoctyes and lymphocytes
* no granules in cytoplasm
* do not stain a dark color
* large nucleus - not multilobed
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2 agranuloctyes
1. lymphoctyes
| 2. monocytes
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Lyphocytes
* WBC agruanulocytes
* no granules
* smallest white blood cell
* 20-25% of all WBC
* round nucleus with very little cytoplasm
* nucleus takes up most space in cell
* found in lymph tissues (lymph nodes)
* Play important part in immune system (T and B cells)
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T cells
* lympocyte
* phagocytic and attack bacteria and viruses
* gets rid of all bacteria and viruses in the body
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B cells
* lympocyte
* produce antibodies
* destroy bacteria
* come in contact with virus –> produce antibodies –> remember virus and destroy it when they meet again
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Monoctyes
* WBC agranulocyte
* largest WBC
* 3-8% of all WBC
* no granules
* kidney-bean shaped nucleus
* active role in phagocytosis
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Platelets/Thrombocytes
* small, disk-shaped fragments of very large cells called megakaryoctye
* no hemoglobin
* essential for normal clotting of blood
* need so we don't bleed out / hemorrage
* average platelet count ranges from 250,000 to 500,000 milliliters of blood
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Megakaryoctye
Extremely large bone marrow cell
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Coagulation
* clotting of blood
| * process of turning liquid into a solid (ex. blood)
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Plasma
* straw-colored fluid portion of blood
* produced in liver
* where leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets are suspended
* over 90% water, the rest is solutes (RBC, WBC, platelets)
* plasma proteins = most abundant solutes
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Most abundant solutes?
plasma proteins
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3 major groups of plasma proteins?
1. Albumin
2. Globulins
3. Fibrogen
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Albumin
* plasma protein
| * maintains normal blood pressure and blood volume
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Globulins
* plasma protein
| * alpha, beta, gamma
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Fibrinogen
* plasma protein
* vital role in coagulation process (fibrin = fibers)
* help clot blood
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How are blood types determined?
by presence or absence of antigens on membranes of RBSs
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Antigen
* protein that causes formation of an antibody
| * a substance, usually a protein, that causes the formation of an antibody and reacts specifically with that antibody
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Andibodies
* produced in response to pathogens
* substances produced by body in response to bacteria, viruses, or other foreign matter
* each class named for its reaction
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Blood types
* A (42% of population)
* B (10% of population)
* AB ( 3% of population)
* O (45% of population)
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Transfusions
* must be made using only compatible blood or type O (universal donor)
* transfused RBC must not have an antigen that reacts with the antibodies of the recipients blood
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What happens if wrong blood is transfused?
* the introduced antigen will be recognized as foreign and will be attacked by antibodies
* RBCs become clumped together and plug small blood vessels, depriving tissues of nutrients and oxygen, which can be fatal
* people can die from getting the wrong blood transfusion
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Hemostasis
stoppage of bleeding
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3 hemostasis processes
1. vascular spasm
2. platelet plug formation
3. blood clotting
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Multiple myeloma
* malignant plasma cell neoplasm
* too many plasma cells that replace bone marrow and destroy the bone and skeletal structure
* bones grow so fragile, slightest movement can result in a fracture
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Rh factor
* antigen named Rh because first studied in rhesus monkeys
* people with Rh factor present on RBC = Rh+
* no Rh factor present on RBC = Rh-
* If Rh- person receives Rh+ blood it will cause a transfusion reaction
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Anisocytosis
* Red blood cell size variation
| * normally RBC are same size
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Bilirubin
Orange-yellow pigment of bile formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin in RBC after their death
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Septicemia
* systemic infection
* pathogens in blood travel all over body
* spread from infection, through blood stream, to all parts of body
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Hemorrhage
* loss of large amount of blood in a short period of time
* either internally or externally
* may be arterial, venous, or capillary
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Poikilocytosis
* RBCs shaped variation
* variation in red blood cell shapes
* usually RBC are all the same shape
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Thrombus
a clot
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Pancytopenia
reduction in ALL types of blood cells and platelets
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Anemia
* decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
* most common blood disorder
* decrease in hemoglobin in blood
* deficiency in oxygen being carried to lungs
* symptoms: fatigue, paleness, headache, fainting, tingling, loss of appetite, difficulty breathing
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Sickle cell anemia
* abnormal RBCs
* erythrocytes are crescent shaped (sickle shaped) due to low oxygen
* inhereted; mostly in those of African descent
* crescent-shaped RBCs get stuck and cause pain in extremities (hands, feet, and abdominal cavity)
* These elongated, crescent-shaped RBCs clump, forming clots which block small vessels = pain
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Leukemia
* group of cancers of the red bone marrow cells that form white blood cells
* there is an excess production of WBCs
* leads to infection, anemai, and decreased number of platelets
* treatment = chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant from a compatible donor
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Polycythemia Vera
* abnormal increase in RBC, granulocytes, and thrombocytes
* blood becomes thick and viscous
* high number of RBCs
* cause is unknown
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Coomb's Test
* blood test on Rh- women to detect the presence of antibodies for Rh incompatibility
* concern if Rh- mother gives birth to a Rh+ baby and bloods mix during birth or miscarriage. Mother's body will develop anti-Rh antibodies that will cause problems with future pregnancies. If woman becomes pregnant with another Rh+ baby, antibodies will destroy the fetus seeing it as foreign
* Rh- mothers given injection of RhoGam after birth of each Rh+ baby to stop body from producing antibodies
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Hematocrit (Hct) test
* testing of the % of RBCs
| * assessment of RBC % in total blood volume
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Hemoglobin (Hgb) test
• tests oygen-carrying capacity of blood
part of CBC (complete blood count)
• concentration measurement of hemoglobin in peripheral blood
• hemoglobin levels provide info about the body's ability to supply tissues with oxygen
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H & H
the hematocrit and hemoglobin tests, collectively
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What does the immune system consist of?
* bone marrow
* lymph nodes
* lymphoid tissues
* lymphatic vessels
* spleen
* thymus
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2 important functions of lymphatic system?
1. produce antibodies and lymphocytes important to immunity
| 2. maintain a balance of fluid in the internal environment
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Immunity
state of being resistant to, or protected from a disease
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Lymph Nodes
* collection of lymphatic tissue
* found throughout body
* phagocytosis takes place here
* 4 types: cervical, submandibular, axillary, and inguinal
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4 types/locations of lymph nodes
1. cervical (neck)
2. submandibular (under mandible)
3. axillary (arm pits)
4. inguinal (groin)
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Immunology
study of the reaction of tissues of the immune system of the body to antigenic stimulation
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Immunologist
specialist in immunology
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Thymus / Endocrine gland
* located near mediastinum ( near middle of chest, under sternum)
* secretes thymosin hormone which stimulates red bone marrow to produce T cells
* larger in childhood, decreases in size in adults
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Thymosin
* hormone found in thymus
| * stimulates red bone marrow cells to produce T cells
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Spleen
* located in LUQ (below diapraghm, behind stomach)
* largest lymphatic organ
* filters blood, stores, blood and produces lymphoctyes
* macrophges of spleen remove pathogens from blood
* contain venous sinuses that serve as a storage reservoir for blood
* in emergenices, can release blood back into general circulation
* spleen can be removed, liver and other lymphatic tissues can carry out functions
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Splenectomy
surgical removal of spleen
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Tonsils
* first line of defense against pathogens entering the nose or mouth
* protective ring of lymphatic tissues
* under mucous membrane, surrounding mouth and back of throat
* removal = tonsillectomy
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Lymphoma
* lymphoid tissue neoplasm (abnormal tissue)
* typically malignant
* starts with painless enlarged nodes and progresses to anemia, weakness, fever, and weight loss
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Burkitt's lymphoma
* malignant neoplasm in the jaw
* seen mainly in Central Africa
* radiation therapy cures it
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Hodgkin's lymphoma
* progressive and painless
* enlargement of a malignant tumor
* first noted in cervical (neck) region
* males affected twice as often as females
* chemotheraphy and/or radiation
81
Mononucleosis
* caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EPV)
* "mono", "kissing disease"
* benign, acute infection of the B cells
* lasts 1-3 weeks
* causes splenomegaly (enlargement of spleen)
* symptoms = lethargy, fatigue, fever, chills
* takes a few months to get rid of symptoms
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Splenomegaly
Increased enlargement of the spleen
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CBC
complete blood count
84
eos
eosinophils
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Hgb
hemoglobin
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Hct
hematocrit
87
HDL
high-density lipoprotein (good cholesterol)
88
LDL
low-density lipoprotein (bad cholesterol)
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lymph (abbrev)
lymphoctye
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mono (abbrev)
monocyte
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PT
* prothromin time
| * how fast blood clots
92
PTT
partial thromboplastin time
93
segs (abbrev)
segmented neutrophils
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CMV
cytomegalovirus
95
EBV
Epstein-Barr virus
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segs/polys/bands
* segs and polys = neutrophils
| * bands = immature neutrophils (nucleus not lobed yet, looks like a band)
