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RT 202 > 6. PACS Archiving & Peripherals > Flashcards

6. PACS Archiving & Peripherals Flashcards

1
Q

PACS System 6 Main Components

A
  1. Image Acquisition
  2. Communication Network
  3. Patient Data
  4. Display of Images
  5. Recordings Archive
  6. Web Server
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2
Q 
Requires the existence of medical devices with the appropriate interface of PACS
such as:
CT (Computed Tomography)
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Digital X-ray Machine
A

Image Acquisition

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3
Q

international standard for defining the mode of transmission of medical information and images that provides interoperability between different devices

A

DICOM

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4
Q

the ability of computer systems or software to exchange and make use of information.

A

Interoperability

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5
Q

The development of mobile radiology is linked to

A

Marie Sklodowska Curie

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6
Q

Origin of file

A

Metadata

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7
Q

DICOM is developed by:

A

ACR – American College of Radiology

NEMA – National Electrical Manufacturers Association

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8
Q

ACR

A

American College of Radiology

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9
Q

NEMA

A

National Electrical Manufacturers Association

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10
Q

DICOM

A

Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine

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11
Q

Simple and easy-to-use Windows application for converting medical image files between different image formats

A

Medical Image Converter

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12
Q

can export whatever DICOM file you have to BMP, GIF, JPG, PNG, TIF, or WMF
if there’s a series of images, it also supports saving them to a video file in the WMV or AVI format

A

MicroDicom program

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13
Q

Transmits images and attached data

Ex. Name of the patient, Date of birth, etc.

A

Communication Network

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14
Q

is the standard that enables the interface of HIS and RIS

A

HL7 (Health Level Seven, 7th OSI layer protocol)

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15
Q

is done via personal computer in the office

A

Display of Images

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16
Q

A system for archiving recordings should be centralized, with support for DICOM and HL7 standards

A

Recordings’ Archive

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17
Q

Implementation of PACS

is reflected in:

A
  1. Saving space and time for archiving x-ray images
  2. Search for educational purposes
  3. X-ray records are stored on computer disks in electronic form
  4. Significant material saving
  5. There is no need for buying X-ray films because x-ray images are moved on compact disks (CD) whose price is lower.
  6. Improved x-ray image quality and speed of diagnostic radiology;
  7. Possibility to view images from remote locations;
  8. Better utilization of human resources;
  9. Possibility to networking computers of one or more health facilities;
  10. Modernization of work;
  11. Reduction in service costs and material consumption
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18
Q

Standard for handling, storing, printing and transmission of information in medicine

A

DICOM

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19
Q

A set of rules that allows the exchange of medical images and information between computers and hospitals

A

DICOM

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20
Q

Establishes a common language that enables the usage of images and information, made on one type of manufacturers’ equipment, in digital systems of other manufacturers

A

DICOM

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21
Q

It should be noted that _____ is not only a file format; it is directly related to the PACS

A

DICOM

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22
Q

consists of files, definition and network protocol communication

A

DICOM

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23
Q

DICOM Files are most likely saved with a ______ file extension, but some may not have an extension at all

A

.dcm or .dcm30

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24
Q

DICOM Disadvantages

arise in:

A
  1. Searching the database and image processing;
  2. Simultaneous display of multiple images on the monitor when the quality of individual images is decreased or certain segments are cut off;
  3. Appearance of false coloring which appears in the adjacent gray level, false coloring in contrasting colors, etc.
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25
Q

DICOM Basic Function

A
  1. Communication and sharing of digital medical images, regardless of the manufacturer; to enable PACS to become a part of HIS, RIS and other information systems;
  2. To ensure that the database of medical images become available irrespective of browser distance;
  3. To enable the functioning of teleradiology
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26
Q

form of medical information system, which requires the use of telecommunications system

A

Teleradiology

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27
Q

Forms of telecommunications system:

A
  1. Satellite
  2. Internet
  3. Mobile Phones
  4. Computers
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28
Q

for the exchange of data, images, video, audio or other radiological information in order to secure radiology services between remote locations

A

Teleradiology

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29
Q

The process of Teleradiology is based on 3 essential elements:

A
  • an image recording and sending station
  • a secure transmission network (HIPAA compliant and secure data server)
  • an image receiving station
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30
Q

The appliance of ______ is possible in imaging centers that have digital radiology apparatus, and Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM)

A

Teleradiology

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31
Q

During _____, Marie Curie left her Lab behind, inventing a mobile x-ray unit that could travel to the battlefront

A

WW1

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32
Q

the new form of mobile radiology

A

Radiology through mobile phone

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33
Q

implemented the diagnostic radiology act mobile MIM 2011 (mobile radiology through mobile phone)

A

FDA (Food and Drug Administration)

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34
Q

Advantages of PACS

A
  • PACS can solve the issue of image loss, stolen, or misfiled
  • 2 physicians will be able to view same image at different sites
  • Allows full range of tools for better visualization of image
  • Economically efficient
  • Increase in efficiency of data management
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34
Q

Disadvantages of PACS

A
  • It is not a new technology but still has not been deployed at various health care institutes
  • The financial cost may be huge, preventing hospitals to install it
  • Utilize large amounts of bandwidth on a system, can “crash” even a very strong network
  • Strong internet technology needed to handle PACS traffic efficiently
  • To read PACS report high resolution monitors are needed and they are too expensive
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35
Q

a place where records or documents are persevered

A

Archive

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36
Q

MOD

A

Magneto-Optical Disk

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37
Q

provide storage and convenient access to medical imaged such as ultrasounds, MRIs, CTs, and X-rays

A

PACS

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38
Q

is both a protocol for transmitting images and a file format for storing them

A

DICOM

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39
Q

ensures that all the medical equipment installed in clinics, medical imaging centers, and hospitals will work together and distribute the digital medical images correctly, across countries, modalities and clinics

A

DICOM

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40
Q

The appliance of _____ is possible in imaging centers that have digital radiology apparatus, and DICOM

A

Teleradiology

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41
Q

X-ray machines, CT, MRI, Mammogram and other Radiological Devices into trucks with trailers, thus making them _____ to all communities, in all weather conditions, in peace or war

A

mobile and accessible

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42
Q

place where records or documents are preserved

A

Archive

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43
Q

serves as the new file room and warehouse for all DICOM imaging modalities

A

electronic archive

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44
Q

It stores all patient

and image data, often on magnetic tape or optical disk

A

PACS archive

45
Q

controls the

receipt, storage, and distribution of new and historic images

A

PACS archive

46
Q

is one of the fastest growing components in

the PACS

A

PACS archive

47
Q

complex arrangement of computers and storage space, consists of several components, both hardware and software

A

PACS archive

48
Q

2 major categories of archive:

A
  1. image manager/controller

2. image storage/server or archive server

49
Q

contains the master database of everything that is in the archive

A

image manager/controller

50
Q

It controls the receipt, retrieval, and distribution of the images it stores and also controls all the DICOM processes running within the archive

A

image manager/controller

51
Q

The image manager generally runs a reliable commercial database such as

A

Sybase,

Oracle with SQL

52
Q

SQL

A

Structure Query Language

53
Q

This database contains only the image header information, not the image data

A

image manager/controller

54
Q

The database is mirrored, meaning that there are two
identical databases running simultaneously so that if one goes down, the system can call on the mirror and continue to run as normal, a very important feature

A

image manager/controller

55
Q

the PACS component that interfaces with the radiology information system (RIS) and the hospital information system (HIS), this allows the PACS database to collect additional patient information that is necessary for its
effective operation

A

image manager/controller

56
Q

play a key role in populating image information into the hospital electronic medical record (EMR)

A

image manager/controller

57
Q

contains the DICOM header
information, such as the patient name, identification information (ID), examination
date, ordering physician, and location

A

image manager database

58
Q

The database has pointers associated with each image on the archive server that point
back to the data fields within the database

A

image manager/controller

59
Q

Image manager process:

A
  1. An order is placed in the RIS for a radiology study.
  2. The images are acquired and sent to the archive.
  3. The image manager strips the image header from each image and assigns a pointer
    to each image or series of images.
  4. The database files the information in various fields and communicates back to the
    RIS to verify certain information.
  5. The study is then queried, and the pointers locate the images on the archive server
    and send the images to the workstation.
60
Q

consists of the physical storage device of the

archive system

A

image storage or archive server

61
Q

It commonly consists of two or three tiers of storage

A

image storage or archive server

62
Q

is a level,

layer, or division of something

A

tier

63
Q

In an archive server, a tier represents a specific level of archive:

A

short term, mid term, or long term

64
Q

Most PACS archive systems are set up

with a

A

short-term tier and long-term tier

65
Q

means being online or available very quickly, usually within 3 to 5 seconds

A

Short-term

66
Q

means near line, or images
that must be retrieved from a tape or disk storage device and brought to redundant
array of independent disks (RAIDs), could take 1 to 5 minutes

A

Long-term

67
Q

RAID

A

Redundant Array of Independent Disks

68
Q

commonly a redundant array of independent (inexpensive)

disks (RAID)

A

Short-Term Storage

69
Q

is composed of several magnetic disks or hard

drives that are linked together in an array

A

RAID

70
Q

The size of the RAID ranges from

A

several hundred gigabytes to several terabytes (500 GB to 3T)

71
Q

coined the term RAID and year

A

David Patterson, Garth Gibson, and Randy Katz, 1998

72
Q

The presentation introduced ____ levels of RAID; now there are approximately __
levels, most of which are combinations of the first five

A

five,

11

73
Q

Four RAID levels

that are most commonly used:

A
  1. RAID 0: Data are “striped” across all of the connected disks. “Striping” means
    that the data are broken up into pieces, and each disk will have one piece of the
    data. When the data are called up from the RAID, all of the data are
    put together from the disks and presented to the user as a whole.
  2. RAID 1: All of the data sent to the RAID are mirrored onto two disks.
    Mirroring means that all of the data are duplicated and placed onto two separate
    disks. This RAID level has full redundancy, meaning that if one disk goes down,
    the other one takes over and operation of the system continues. This is a very
    expensive system because only half of the total storage is used.
  3. RAID 3: The data are striped across all of the disks just like in RAID 0, but there
    is one disk that is set aside for error correction. This disk is known as the parity
    disk.
  4. RAID 5: This RAID level is similar to RAID 3 but instead of having the parity written to one disk, it is striped along all of the disks within the RAID.
74
Q

is the most common level used for a PACS archive because it provides
adequate redundancy and fault tolerance.

A

RAID 5

75
Q

increases the reliability and performance of the system.

A

Striping of data

76
Q

many hospitals use ____ storage for

both their short-term and their long-term archive

A

RAID

77
Q

Other long-term storage products

that are still widely used are

A

optical disk,

tape, and magnetic disk

78
Q

use a jukebox to hold the tapes or disks

A

Optical disk and

magnetic tape archive solutions

79
Q

uses an array

A

magnetic disk

80
Q

has controller software that interfaces with the image manager to keep track of exactly where each image is located

A

Jukebox

81
Q

The ___-term archive has much higher access times than the ___-term archive,
but the price of storage per gigabyte is much less with the _____

A

long,
short,
jukeboxes

82
Q

5 types of Optical Disk

A
  1. Magneto-optical Disk
  2. Digital Versatile Disk
  3. Ultra Density Optical
  4. Tape
  5. Magnetic Disk
83
Q

is very similar to a compact disk (CD)

or digital versatile disk (DVD)

A

Magneto-Optical Disk (MOD)

84
Q

it is read optically with a laser, but the disk itself

is housed within a plastic cartridge

A

Magneto-Optical Disk (MOD)

85
Q

more reliable than some of the

other long-term storage options

A

Magneto-Optical Disk (MOD)

86
Q

are rather robust and can withstand many

years of reading

A

Disks

87
Q

can be read faster than some of their counterparts

A

MOD

88
Q

MOD

A

Magneto-Optical Disk

89
Q

The cost per
gigabyte is a bit higher for ____ than for some of the other long-term storage
options, but it is still a viable long-term storage option.

A

MODs

90
Q

were first introduced for use in video

A

Digital Versatile Disk (DVD)

91
Q

DVD

A

Digital Versatile Disk

92
Q

have a much

higher capacity

A

DVD

93
Q

DVD holds up to __ GB compared to CD 650 MB

A

17

94
Q

are the least expensive method for long-term

archiving per gigabyte

A

DVD

95
Q

is the new generation MOD

A

Ultra Density Optical (UDO) disk

96
Q

UDO

A

Ultra Density Optical

97
Q

utilizes blue laser technology in its read and write activities

A

UDO disk

98
Q

introduced the first UDO disk in 2004 with a disk capacity of 30 GB (2006 MOD technology was at 9.1 GB), and the capacity is predicted
to increase to 60 GB and then to 120 GB to accommodate industry needs

A

Plasmon

Plasmon PLC, Hertfordshire, UK

99
Q

its technology operating costs are less than MODs and very competitive with DVD technology

A

UDO

100
Q

provide the greatest scalability of the long-term archive options

A

Tape libraries

101
Q

can grow to hundreds of terabytes, possibly even a petabyte

A

Tape libraries

102
Q

is a fairly low-cost archive medium that comes in various sizes

A

Tape

103
Q

Most of the libraries are _____, meaning that additional libraries can be added to the original

A

scalable

104
Q

One of the biggest disadvantages of tape (magnetic disk) is its _____ over multiple uses, can wear after several years of heavy use and may become damaged

A

unreliability

105
Q

has a longer access time than its optical counterparts

A

Tape

106
Q

3 types of Magnetic Tape

A
  1. Linear Tape Open (LTO),
  2. Digital Linear Tape (DLT)
  3. Advanced Intelligent Tape (AIT)
107
Q

The capacity to be changed in size or scale

A

Scalability

108
Q

The FDA approved the first diagnostic radiology app called ______ in _____

A

Mobile MIM,

2011

109
Q

is the standard that enables the transfer and sharing of data between various healthcare providers

A

HL7

111
Q

are contained within a jukebox or library that has multiple drives and a robot arm to move the tapes in and out of the drives

A

Magnetic Disk

112
Q

CAD

A

computer-aided design

RT 202 (9 decks)

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