6 - Presence of Others

Question 1

define group polarisation

Answer 1

group interaction with those who have similar attitudes strengthens indiv’s atts so they become more extreme

Question 2

define risky shift

Answer 2

groups tending to make more risky decisions than indivs

Question 3

how can attitudes become more reinforced by verbalising opinions

Answer 3

anticipating someone w an opposite view and assoc w those w a similar view means we prepare arguments and express view more strongly

Question 4

how is normative influence a cause for group polarisation

Answer 4

express stronger att so like-minded like us or change att to avoid disapproval when comparing attitudes

Question 5

define pluralistic ignorance

Answer 5

majority of group members privately rejecting a norm but mistakenly thinking the group accepts it

Question 6

how can we get rid of pluralistic ignorance

Answer 6

through group discussion so we slowly see others’ attitudes and express if similar or conceal it or jump on the bandwagon

Question 7

how is informational influence a cause of group polarisation

Answer 7

when unsure, majority will support dominant opinion when in group discussion

Question 8

how can opinions become more extreme in group discussion

Answer 8

adding familiar arguments and new persuasive ideas can sway attitude

Question 9

with conformity, what processes are involved in forming a representation of the group norm from opinions expressed in the ig vs og

Answer 9

identification means conforming to group norm

Question 10

in identification what happens if the group norm is or isn’t polarised

Answer 10

is = group polarisation occurs
isn't = take the mean group attitude

Question 11

in Triplett’s social facilitation study, what were the findings

Answer 11

when in competition, half were facilitated, some were inhibited but practice effect was confounding

Question 12

what did Zajonc’s social facilitation theory state

Answer 12

presence of observers leads to general drive state through physiological arousal

Question 13

Zajonc said what happens if the responses are well learned

Answer 13

facilitation, enhanced performance, usually w easy tasks

Question 14

Zajonc said what happens when the responses aren’t well learned

Answer 14

inhibition, worsened performance, usually w difficult tasks

Question 15

what did Cottrell’s findings contradict about Zajonc’s theory

Answer 15

indiv must think the audience are watching and it’s not just mere presence affecting performance

Question 16

describe evaluation apprehension

Answer 16

individuals become worried about how the audience will evaluate their performance on a task as self-presentation is important

Question 17

what do performing well and badly lead to

Answer 17

well means praise and recognition

badly means embarrassment and shame

Question 18

what different arousal types are there when we think we’ll do well or badly

Answer 18

challenge = good so facilitation
threat = bad so inhibition

Question 19

after evaluation apprehension what do we think about

Answer 19

whether we have enough resources for a sufficient performance

Question 20

with evaluation apprehension, do we need observers

Answer 20

no bc we just worry about others’ evaluation whether they’re there or not

Question 21

describe distraction theory

Answer 21

cog load taken up by attention split w distractor stimulus so have fewer resources for task at hand

Question 22

in distraction theory, what will happen depending on whether the task is easy or not

Answer 22

well-learned = dominant means unaffected performance

hard/not well learned = non-dominant so worse performance

Question 23

describe the self-awareness explanation

Answer 23

we compare actual and ideal performances

Question 24

what do small and large discrepancies with performances cause

Answer 24

small = motivation = better performance
large = give up as ideal performance hard to match

Question 25

how does being self-conscious affect performance

Answer 25

worsens it even if well-learnt as worry about self-presentation so hindered performance is failure anticipated

Question 26

define the overloaded explanation

Answer 26

feeling overloaded in presence of an audience distracts us from cues we need to attend to

Question 27

how does the influence of others depend on the nature of the task

Answer 27

process loss can occur where group performance is worse than sum of indivs' performance distractors and dominant group members lead to performance loss

Question 28

define social loafing

Answer 28

expending less effort when doing a task as a group relative to alone as we think others will put more effort in

Question 29

define free ride effect

Answer 29

individuals taking advantage of shared resources without making an appropriate contribution

Question 30

define the Ringelmann effect

Answer 30

collective sum of efforts for a group is less than the sum of potential indiv efforts summed up

Question 31

what did a study of the Ringelmann effect find

Answer 31

mean total exertion force went up as group size did but individual mean total force decreased

Question 32

what is the equation for the Ringelmann effect

Answer 32

total capacity - (coordination loss + motivation loss)

Question 33

what did a study find out about noise level and presence of others

Answer 33

noise level decreased as group size increased but directional coordination loss through microphone placement

Question 34

how is evaluation apprehension related to social loafing

Answer 34

tasks related to social loafing decrease it as people don't think they're being watched so not accountable for behaviour and less identifiability

Question 35

what is effort matching in terms of social loafing

Answer 35

thinking others are putting in less effort so we put in less effort so we don't experience the sucker effect

Question 36

define dispensability of effort related to social loafing

Answer 36

we think our effort is less valuable and impactful if there're more people

Question 37

what is expectancy in terms of social loafing

Answer 37

think about if own effort will enhance group performance and if group's high quality performance will reach an outcome

Question 38

describe valence of outcome in terms of social loafing

Answer 38

how valuable the end-goal is

Question 39

how do values matter with social loading

Answer 39

we loaf less if we think our interaction w the group is worthy

Question 40

how does liking matter in terms of social loafing

Answer 40

we group members are friendly or we can identify with them, we loaf less

Question 41

what type of personality loafs less

Answer 41

conscientious, responsible, narcissists

Question 42

define groupthink

Answer 42

group making bad decisions through poor critical evaluation as group cohesion is seen as more important than decisions

Question 43

groupthink keychain to a bad outcome

Answer 43

group cohesiveness, structural faults, and sit context = groupthink = symptoms of gt = symp of defective decision making = outcome

Question 44

real-world example of groupthink?

Answer 44

challenger disaster: concerns at low levels not told to high authority levels despite group having access to info preventing launch

Question 45

what did an analysis of the presidential commission report find

Answer 45

>50% statements supported groupthink | all statements ab faulty components were groupthink

Question 46

criticisms of the challenger disaster being groupthink?

Answer 46

limited, retrospective evidence good decision-making = bad decisions norms of cohesive groups can mean good decisions whole groupthink model studied in few experimental tests which reported mixed findings

Question 47

what are some factors of good decision making

Answer 47

``` impartiality allow outside criticisms discuss issues before final decision have a critical evaluator members open to criticise ```

Question 48

define deindividuation

Answer 48

being unable to differentiate between different people

Question 49

define contagion

Answer 49

ideas spreading quickly, unpredictably, can't resist passing on ideas

Question 50

what happens when we become anonymous

Answer 50

disinhibition occurs, freed from normative constraints, become irrational and animalistic

Question 51

what do attentional cues mean for self-awareness

Answer 51

respond less to norms, more to immediate situation, act imoulsively

Question 52

what are accountability cues

Answer 52

factors determining whether one'll be held responsible for their actions or not

Question 53

how does it feel when we're less accountable for things

Answer 53

more likely to do gratifying but inhibiting behaviours

Question 54

what did the Halloween study find about deindividuation

Answer 54

most transgressed when anonymous but being unaccountable/unidentifiable leads to prosocial behaviour

Question 55

in the emergent norms theory, when are suggestions more influential

Answer 55

if they're similar to predispositions of the crowd

Question 56

in the emergent norms theory, what does the crowd understand

Answer 56

consensual understanding of what's right and wrong

Question 57

in the emergent norms theory, how does the crowd conform

Answer 57

through normative social influence

Question 58

in the emergent norms theory, what are 3 criticisms related to not being specific/descriptive

Answer 58

norms not constructed from scratch, general norms used describes but doesn't explain principles for adopted roles unspecific about crowd formation/organisation

Question 59

in the emergent norms theory, what are 2 criticisms related to differentiatoin

Answer 59

collective behaviour not that different from aggregated indiv behaviour keynoter defined as someone influential but model says they aren't influential

Question 60

in the social identity model of crowd action, what do people have increased awareness of

Answer 60

norms awareness are group conscious

Question 61

in the social identity model of crowd action, what effect does anonymity have

Answer 61

enhances social identity so conform to group than general social norms more

Question 62

in the social identity model of crowd action, what identity is derived from what other identity

Answer 62

context-specific derived from superordinate

Question 63

in the social identity model of crowd action, the emergent norms are appropriate for who

Answer 63

members of this category in this context