6- Sexism

Question 1

What is sexism?

Answer 1

Prejudice or discrimination based on someone’s gender

Question 2

Who does sexism affect on average?

Answer 2

Disproportionally women and girls

Question 3

4 factors of gender schema

Answer 3

Masculine & feminine stereotypes
Social perception
Perceived choice & opportunities
Sexism reinforcement

Question 4

Who came up with gender schema?

Answer 4

Bem

Question 5

When does gender socialisation start?

Answer 5

From very early on in childhood

Question 6

What is gender schema?

Answer 6

Cognitive frameworks that shape our beliefs about gender norms

Question 7

How do gender schemas change as children grow older?

Answer 7

Tend to influence perceptions of the self an others

Question 8

Who distinguished between old-fashioned sexism and modern sexism?

Answer 8

Swim et al

Question 9

How did attitudes change in society but not in the domestic setting?

Answer 9

Women were juggling paid work and domestic work

Question 10

Why might the distinction between old-fashioned and modern sexism be much clearer than the distinction between old-fashioned and modern racism?

Answer 10

Intergroup contact- more likely for genders to interact than races

Question 11

How is sexism a unique ‘ism’?

Answer 11

Sexism coexists with intimate interdependence on women

Question 12

What 2 main forces representing gender relations coexist?

Answer 12

1. Male dominance
2. Intimate interdependence on women

Question 13

What creates hostile sexism?

Answer 13

Male dominance through creation of competitive gender roles

Question 14

What creates benevolent sexism?

Answer 14

Intimate interdependence on women creating cooperative gender roles

Question 15

What does Glick et al believe about sexism?

Answer 15

It is beyond just antipathy toward women

Question 16

Why do Glick and Fiske say that sexism toward women is usually ambivalent?

Answer 16

It involves not only hostile sexism but also benevolent sexism

Question 17

How is ambivalent sexism created?

Answer 17

By the coexistence of male dominance in society and intimate interdependence

Question 18

What is hostile sexism?

Answer 18

Antipathy toward women who are considered manipulative and devious

Question 19

How are women seen in hostile sexism?

Answer 19

As trying to control men through using their sexuality to get things from men

Question 20

How does male dominance support hostile sexism?

Answer 20

Characterises women as inferior and incompetent

Question 21

How is HS in its evaluative tone of women?

Answer 21

Negative

Question 22

What is hostile sexism also known as?

Answer 22

Misogyny

Question 23

What was found from Glick et al’s study of hostile sexism?

Answer 23

Men are more hostile than women

Question 24

What is benevolent sexism?

Answer 24

Subjectively positive view of protection, idealisation and affection directed toward women

Question 25

How are women seen in benevolent sexism?

Answer 25

As more moral and kinder than men- better suited to roles that complement their caring nature

Question 26

How is benevolent sexism created?

Answer 26

Relationship- sexual reproduction makes men and women intimate and highly interdependent on each other

Question 27

How is BS in its evaluative tone of women?

Answer 27

Positive

Question 28

What did Glick et al's study of benevolent sexism find?

Answer 28

Women and men are equally benevolent

Question 29

What are correlations like between BS and HS in men and women?

Answer 29

High and positive

Question 30

What do hostile and benevolent sexism seem to be related to?

Answer 30

Gender empowerment measure- women's participation in society

Question 31

What might benevolent system serve to justify?

Answer 31

Gender inequality

Question 32

What is system justification?

Answer 32

A psychological motivation to defend, justify, and uphold existing social, economic, and political systems, even at the expense of personal or group interests

Question 33

What was Jost & Kay's research question?

Answer 33

Do BS and complementary gender stereotypes serve to justify inequality?

Question 34

What was Jost & Kay's hypothesis

Answer 34

Participants exposed to benevolent or communal stereotypes of women- show increased support for the status quo compared to control

Question 35

How may Jost & Kay's study be criticised?

Answer 35

Could be argued that they looked at American society generally, not female subordination

Question 36

4 things that BS could be linked to justification of

Answer 36

Hostile sexism Women's reproductive rights Rape victim blaming Domestic violence

Question 37

What does research support?

Answer 37

That both hostile and benevolent sexist attitudes serve to justify unequal gender relations

Question 38

How might sexism create a vicious cycle?

Answer 38

More hostility women face from men, more motivated they are to accept BS, relying on members of the dominant group to protect them