9- Prejudice Reduction (advantaged groups' perspectives)

Question 1

What type of study was Pettigrew & Troop’s study?

Answer 1

A meta-analysis

Question 2

What did Pettigrew & Troop’s study indicate?

Answer 2

That intergroup contact typically reduces intergroup prejudice

Question 3

When does intergroup contact work even better for prejudice reduction?

Answer 3

When Allport’s optimal contact conditions are met

Question 4

How is intergroup anxiety created?

Answer 4

Expectations of rejection + fears of interaction

Question 5

What is intergroup anxiety related to?

Answer 5

Expectation that outgroup members are (stereo)typical members of their group

Question 6

What does intergroup anxiety decrease?

Answer 6

Likelihood of contact

Question 7

How in intergroup anxiety decrease?

Answer 7

Contact

Question 8

What does contact change?

Answer 8

How the outgroup is perceived

Question 9

What does contact challenge?

Answer 9

The outgroup homogeneity effect

Question 10

What does contact allow?

Answer 10

A person to better know the outgroup

Question 11

What does contact influence?

Answer 11

Affective and cognitive forms of prejudice

Question 12

What did Herek & Capitanio measure?

Answer 12

Attitudes towards homosexuals, as well as contact with homosexuals

Question 13

Who measured direct contact?

Answer 13

Herek & Capitanio

Question 14

Who reported more positive attitudes towards homosexuals?

Answer 14

Heterosexuals who reported interpersonal contact, compared to those without contact

Question 15

2 relationship factors influencing perceptions after direct contact

Answer 15

Quantity and quality of relationships- how many relationships with outgroup + how well people know someone

Question 16

What experience is direct contact?

Answer 16

Personal

Question 17

How are emotions and beliefs experienced in direct contact experiences?

Answer 17

As an active participant

Question 18

How may direct contact experiences link?

Answer 18

To other personal contacts

Question 19

How can direct contact benefit other members of the group?

Answer 19

It can be communicated

Question 20

Is direct contact always possible?

Answer 20

No

Question 21

What does direct contact have to be to induce prejudice relations?

Answer 21

Positive

Question 22

Who investigated computer-mediated contact?

Answer 22

Schumann et al, 2017

Question 23

What did participants in Schumann et al’s study engage in?

Answer 23

Synchronous text-chat with outgroup students

Question 24

What did Schumann et al find about computer-mediated contact?

Answer 24

It reduced negative outgroup sentiments

Question 25

What does computer-mediated contact allow by providing multiple forms of communication?

Answer 25

Allows people to choose channels that lessen their intergroup anxiety during encounters

Question 26

What advantage does computer-mediated contact have over direct contact?

Answer 26

It can overcome practical obstacles, especially for distantly related groups

Question 27

What does anonymity of outgroup members decrease in computer-mediated contact and what can this be associated with?

Answer 27

Decreases perceived social presence- associated with less positive outgroup evaluations and higher prejudice

Question 28

How is extended contact characterised?

Answer 28

Vicarious experiences of contact with outgroup members

Question 29

What is not necessary for extended contact?

Answer 29

Actual experience of contact

Question 30

What effect size did a meta-analysis by Zhou et al find?

Answer 30

Small/medium effect sizes

Question 31

What effect is extended contact independent of?

Answer 31

Of the direct contact effect

Question 32

Who can be affected by extended contact?

Answer 32

Many individuals

Question 33

Why is extended contact also known as social learning?

Answer 33

May result in a norm change

Question 34

What could extended contact allow for?

Answer 34

Future contact

Question 35

When does extended contact work well, regardless of?

Answer 35

Regardless of individual demographics, type of outgroup attitude and location

Question 36

How is the effect of extended contact compared to other types of contact?

Answer 36

Weaker

Question 37

When does extended contact work best?

Answer 37

When perceived rather than actual

Question 38

What type of intergroup does extended contact work better for?

Answer 38

Religious intergroups

Question 39

What is extended contact subject to?

Answer 39

Individual differences

Question 40

How is imagined contact defined by Crisp & Turner, 2009?

Answer 40

Mental stimulation of a social interaction with a member or members of an outgroup

Question 41

What is unnecessary for imagined contact?

Answer 41

Actual contact experience

Question 42

What is imagined in imagined contact?

Answer 42

Successful and comfortable positive interaction

Question 43

Who is imagined in imagined contact, and combined with what?

Answer 43

Interaction partner + interaction itself

Question 44

Who studied imagined contact?

Answer 44

Turner, Crisp, & Lambert (2007)

Question 45

3 findings from Turner, Crisp & Lambert

Answer 45

Imagined contact: 1. Reduced intergroup anxiety 2. Created more positive attitudes 3. Made people think of the group as heterogenous

Question 46

Why is imagined contact very practical and easy to implement?

Answer 46

There is no need for the actual encounter

Question 47

When is imagined contact possible even when other contact is not?

Answer 47

In conflict situations and where contact difficulties occur

Question 48

What does imagined contact require from the person involved?

Answer 48

They need to be engaged in the simulation

Question 49

Does imagined contact create a long-lasting effect?

Answer 49

No

Question 50

How does imagined contact compare to direct contact?

Answer 50

Less powerful

Question 51

What is the main limitation of the study by Turner, Crisp & Lambert?

Answer 51

It is not well replicated

Question 52

What is a problem with intergroup contact?

Answer 52

It has a positive effect on attitudes but may not always decrease discrimination

Question 53

Why might prejudice be difficult to break?

Answer 53

It is seen as a habit

Question 54

3 requirements that breaking prejudice is similar to breaking a habit

Answer 54

1. Awareness of implicit bias 2. Concerns about bias effects 3. Strategies to decrease bias

Question 55

What was Devine et al's study?

Answer 55

A longitudinal study on implicit race bias

Question 56

How were participants allocated in Devine et al's study?

Answer 56

Randomly to control and intervention group

Question 57

Which group had lower IAT cores? (Devine et al, 2012)?

Answer 57

The intervention group

Question 58

How was control group discrimination concern across the study? (Devine et al, 2012)

Answer 58

Stable

Question 59

What did Devine et al's intervention group increase in?

Answer 59

Concern about discrimination and personal bias awareness

Question 60

Which group perspective is prejudice reduction focused on?

Answer 60

Advantaged group

Question 61

3 things that the prejudice reduction model changes of the majority

Answer 61

Attitudes, beliefs, behaviour

Question 62

Why is intergroup contact important in the prejudice reduction model?

Answer 62

It is one of the most effective ways to reduce prejudiced attitudes and negative emotions between the majority and minority

Question 63

Why is there some concern over intergroup contact?

Answer 63

Over how it's related to reduction of prejudiced behaviours