6: Toxicity And Pollutants

Question 1

GBD: global disease burden

Answer 1

Estimates the burden imposed by environmental disease, including communicable and nutritional diseases

Question 2

Three major causes of death in kids less than 5 around the world

Answer 2

PNA, diarrheal disease, malaria

Question 3

Three conditions that have risen in the last 30 years vs two that have decreased

Answer 3

Risen: CAD, CA, HIV
Decreased: neonatal fatality, diarrheal diseases

Question 4

Xenobiotic

Answer 4

Exogenous chemicals in the environment that may be absorbed/inhaled/ingested by the body

Question 5

What are most solvents, drugs, and xenobiotics metabolized to?

Answer 5

Inactive water-soluble product or a toxic metabolite

Question 6

Cytochrome P450 function

Answer 6

Catalyzes reactions that detox xenobiotics or less commonly convert then into active compounds that cause injury

Question 7

Where is cytochrome P450 mostly located?

Answer 7

ER of liver, but also skin, lungs, GI, and other organs

Question 8

Byproduct of P450 reactions

Answer 8

ROS

Question 9

What substances have damaging byproducts during P450 breakdown?

Answer 9

Cigarette smoke, acetaminophen, barbiturates, warfarin, anti-convulsants, EtOH

Question 10

What substances does the EPA put limits on in terms of pollution

Answer 10

sulfur dioxide, CO, ozone, NO2, Pb, particulate matter

Question 11

What is witches brew in terms of pollutants?

Answer 11

Sulfur dioxide + ozone + particulate matter

Question 12

Most harmful size of particulate matter and why

Answer 12

Less than 10 um - readily inhaled all the way into alveoli, releasing inflammatory mediators

Question 13

Acute CO toxicity

Answer 13

Can produce coma or death in 5 minutes

Question 14

Longer survival with CO poisoning will result in what morphologic changes?

Answer 14

Brain swelling, punctuate hemorrhages, neuronal changes from hypoxia

Question 15

Most common indoor air pollutant

Answer 15

Tobacco smoke

Question 16

What does Lead do in the body?

Answer 16

Binds sulfhydryl groups in proteins -> interferes with Ca metabolism

Question 17

Minamata disease

Answer 17

Mercury poisoning in utero -> cerebral palsy, deafness, blindness, MR, and major CNS defects

Question 18

Rubber workers who are exposed to benzene and 1,2-butadiene have risk of what? Why?

Answer 18

causes bone marrow aplasia -> risk of AML (acute myeloid leukemia)

Question 19

What can dioxins and PCBs cause?

Answer 19

Folliculitis, chloracne (acne, cysts, hyperpigmentation, hyperkeratosis) on the face and behind the ears + liver and CNS abnormalities

Question 20

What % of lung cancer is caused by tobacco?

Answer 20

90%