1: Cell Response And Adaptations

Question 1

Etiology

Answer 1

Initiating cause of a disease

Question 2

Pathogenesis

Answer 2

Sequence of molecular, biochemical, and cellular events that lead to disease development

Question 3

Four steps of disease leading to S/S

Answer 3

1. Etiology
2. Pathogenesis
3. Morphological changes
4. Clinical manifestation (S/S)

Question 4

Disease

Answer 4

Any deviation from normal structure/function of a part/organ/system as manifested by characteristic symptoms and signs

Question 5

Disorder

Answer 5

A derangement or abnormality of function; a morbid physical or mental state

Question 6

Neoplasm

Answer 6

A new + abnormal growth, specifically when uncontrolled and progressive

Question 7

Syndrome

Answer 7

A set of sx that occur together - the sum of signs of any morbid state

Question 8

When can cardiac-specific enzymes be detected in the blood after MI?

Answer 8

As early as two hours, but sometimes not until 4-12 hours later

Question 9

Myelin figures

Answer 9

Phospholipids derived from damaged cell membranes that appear in reversible cell injury

Question 10

Major mechanism of apoptosis

Answer 10

Mitochondrial pathway

Question 11

Three anti-apoptotic and three pro-apoptotic proteins

Answer 11

Anti: BCL2, BCL-XL, MCL1
Pro: cytochrome C, BAX, BAK

Question 12

Function of anti-apoptotic proteins

Answer 12

Keep mito outer membrane impermeable to prevent leakage of cytochrome C into cytosol

Question 13

How does BAX-BAK complex function?

Answer 13

Oligomerize within outer mito membrane and promote mito permeability

Question 14

Regulated apoptosis initiators: two other names

Answer 14

Sensors, BH3-only proteins

Question 15

BH3 only protein functions

Answer 15

Sensors of cell stress and damage to regulate balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins

Question 16

Examples of regulated apoptosis initiators/BH3-only proteins

Answer 16

BAD, BIM, BID, Puma, Noxa

Question 17

How is extrinsic pathway of apoptosis initiated?

Answer 17

FasL binds Fas receptor (a TNFR)

Question 18

What cell types express FasL?

Answer 18

CD4 T cells and some CD8 T cells

Question 19

What protein can inhibit extrinsic mechanism of apoptosis? How?

Answer 19

FLIP: binds pro-caspase-8 but cannot cleave and activate it

Question 20

Pyroptosis

Answer 20

Programmed cell death + IL-1 and fever

Question 21

Necroptosis

Answer 21

Necrosis through a controlled molecular pathway

Question 22

Characteristics of necroptosis

Answer 22

Loss of ATP, swelling of cell, ROS generation, lysosomal enzyme release, rupture of plasma membrane

Question 23

Does necroptosis utilize caspases?

Answer 23

Nope

Question 24

Some clinical settings where necroptosis occurs

Answer 24

Steatohepatitis, acute pancreatitis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, neurodegenerative diseases

Question 25

Mechanism of pyroptosis

Answer 25

Microbe enters cell -> activate inflammasome -> activates caspase 1 -> forms IL-1

Question 26

Ferroptosis

Answer 26

Cell death triggered by excess intracellular Fe or ROS that overwhelms the antioxidant defenses -> lipid peroxidation -> cell death resembling necrosis

Question 27

Autophagy

Answer 27

Survival mechanism to maintain the integrity of cells by recycling essential metabolites and clearing debris

Question 28

What condition is autophagy usually associated with?

Answer 28

Atrophy

Question 29

Disease states where dysregulation of autophagy occurs

Answer 29

CA, IBD, neurodegenerative disorders

Question 30

Principle cell targets of injury

Answer 30

Mito, cell membrane, machinery for protein synthesis, DNA

Question 31

Where is most intracellular Ca sequestered?

Answer 31

Mito and ER

Question 32

Some initiators of cell adaptations

Answer 32

Physiologic changes (H’s, GFs), metabolic alterations, physical injury, infection, chronic irritation

Question 33

Two checkpoints in mitosis and what they do

Answer 33

G2-M: check for damaged or Unduplicated DNA

G1-S: check for damaged DNA

Question 34

When things accumulate in a cell, where can they accumulate?

Answer 34

Cytoplasm, in organelles, in nucleus

Question 35

How does caloric restriction increase longevity (two ways)

Answer 35

1. Reduces signal intensity of IGF-1 pathway
2. Increases sirtuins-> contributes to metabolic adaption of caloric restriction + promote genomic integrity by activating DNA repair enzymes