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VEEB > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

myocyte

A

muscle cells “muscle fibers”

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2
Q

Contraction

A

how muscle generates force to move bones

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3
Q

Relaxation

A

muscle goes back to original shape and size

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4
Q

Smooth Muscle

A
  • non-striated
  • mono nucleated
  • tapered at each end
  • muscle contractions happes slowly relaxation happen slowly
  • muscle contractions occur in waves in response to nerve impulses, hormonal stimulation and stretching
  • Location: walls of hallow organs, gi tract, resp. tract,blood vessels, iris of the eye
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5
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A
  • Muscle tissue of the heart
  • striated
  • involuntary
  • branched, mono-nucleated, intercalated disc(allow quick nerve impulse transmission)
  • impulses that initiate cardiac muscle contraction start within the muscle itself. rate of contraction can be modified by the nervous system
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6
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A
  • striated, voluntary
  • striated because of arrangement of the protein fibers(actin and myosin)
  • cylindrical and have multiple nuclei
  • most abundant type of muscle cell
  • Functional unit/contractile unit of a skeletal muscle cell sarcomeres.
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7
Q

Function of Skeletal Muscle

A

1) Movement
2) Maintaing Posture
3) Generation of Heat: most metabolic active tissue

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8
Q

Characteristics of Muscles

A

1) Irritability(excitability): ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals
2) Contractility: ability to become shorter and thicker, slide across each other
3) Extensibility: ability to become longer
4) Elasticity: ability to return to original shape

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9
Q

Mycocytes

A
  • individual muscle fibers

- wrapped in connective tissue called endomysium

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10
Q

Endomysium

A

wraps muscle fibers/myocytes

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11
Q

Perimysium

A

wraps muscle fibers into bundles (anywhere between 10 to 100 or more) or fascicles.

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12
Q

Epimysium

A
  • wraps entire muscle
  • layer of connective tissue, which ensheaths the entire muscle.[1] It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. It is continuous with fascia and other connective tissue wrappings of muscle including the endomysium, and perimysium. It is also continuous with tendons where it becomes thicker and collagenous. The epimysium also protects muscles from friction against other muscles and bones.
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13
Q

Tendon

A
  • connect muscle to bone

- Endo + Peri + Epimysium = TENDON

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14
Q

Sarcomere

A

contains filaments of the proteins actin and myosin

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15
Q

Motor Unit

A

motor nerve and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

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16
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

-point at which motor nerve meet muscle

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17
Q

ACH(Acetylcholine

A

-neurotransmitter that travel across synapse

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18
Q

Summary of Muscle Contraction

A
  • Sliding filament mechanism
  • all or none response: each muscle fiber must receive a certain amount of stimulation before it will generate an action potential.
  • amount of stimulation needed is called a threshold
  • Each muscle requires a different threshold
  • When ACH binds to the cell membrane of the muscle fibers it causes the cell membrane of the muscle fiber to generate an electrical impulse called an action potential
  • Action potential causes CA ions to be released in the muscle fiber
  • sliding filaments mechanism
  • CA ions + ATP will cause the filaments of actin and myosin slide across each other which makes the muscle fiber(muscle contraction)
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19
Q

All or none response

A

each muscle fiber must receive a certain amount of stimulation before it will generate an action potential

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20
Q

threshold

A

amount of stimulation needed

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21
Q

Energy

A
  • muscle contraction/ relaxation require energy
  • form of energy used by a cell is ATP
  • ATP is produced by oxidation of nutrients in the presence of oxygen(cellular respiration)
  • some ATP can be produced in the absence of 02
  • Lactic Acid is produced burn and muscle fatigue
  • muscle failure/ fatigue=Lactic acid
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22
Q

Muscle tone

A

-state of partial contraction of muscles responsible for posture, contractures, flaccidity

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23
Q

Isotonic Contraction

A

-tone of muscle remains the same but the muscle as a whole gets shorter in length. This produces flexion results in movement you can see

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24
Q

Isometric Contraction

A

tone of the muscle increases but the length of the muscle remains the same, no movement occurs

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25
Q

Effects of Exercise

A

1) Changes in muscles(local effect)
- increase in blood supply
- increase in protein filaments
- changes lead to hypertrophy of the muscle(gets bigger)

2) Vasodilation(systemic effect)
- allows greater bloodflow w/ reduced resistance = overall drop in BP

3) Strengthening of the Heart(systemic effect)
- increase in the volume of the blood returning to the heart which strengthens the myocardium=greater efficiency=lower resting heart rate

4) improvement in respiration
5) Oxygen dept=burn fuel without oxygen owe muscle oxygen

26
Q

Action of Muscles

A

skeletal muscle causes movement because it is attached to two bones. when the muscle contracts across a joint one bone is pulled towards another one.

27
Q

Prime Mover(agonist)

A
  • main muscle invovled in producing movement

- when muscle is acting as prime mover it contracts

28
Q

Antagonist

A
  • muscle that opposes the movement of the prime movers
  • located at the opposite side of the bone/body from prime mover
  • prime move, contracts the antagonist must relaxin order for movement to occur
29
Q

Synergist

A

muscle or muscles that assist the prime mover

30
Q

Fixator

A

specialized synergist that helps to fix(stabilize) the position of the bone that is being moved. fixator serves as an anchor

31
Q

Naming of Muscles

Size
Direction of fiber
Location
Action

A
  1. Size: vastus, maximus, minimus
  2. Direction of fibers:
    Rectus(Vertical, top/bottom)
    Oblique(on angle)
    Transverse(horizontal)
    Circularis(circle)
  3. Location: in the body or proximity to the bone
  4. Action:
    Adductor(Towards)
    Abductor(Away)
    Levator(bring up)
    Sphincter(controlling an opening)
32
Q

Naming of Muscles(continued)

Origin/Insertion

A
  1. Origin/Insertion
    Origin: part of muscle that attaches to the less moveable bone(proximal)

Insertion: part of muscle attached to moveable bone(distal)

33
Q

Naming of Muscles(continued)

Number of Heads
Sphincter

A
  1. Number of origins(heads)
    Biceps Brachii
    Triceps Brachii
    Quadriceps Femorus
  2. Sphincter
    cardiac sphincter: controls entrance into the stomach
    pyloric sphincter: controls exit out of the stomach
    Anal sphincter:
    Urethra sphincter:
34
Q

Muscles of the Head

A

1) Massater: found at the angle of the lower jaw(mandible). functions to raise mandible

2) Oribicularis Oris:
- circular(sphincter) muscle around the mouth
- closing the mouth, puckering of the lips

3) Orbicularis Oculi:
- circular muscle around the eye
- winking,blinking,squinting

35
Q

Muscles of the Neck

A

1) Sternocleidomastoid
- along the side of the neck
- flexes and rotates the head

2) Trapezius
- broad muscle on the posterior surface of the neck and shoulder
- extends the head, elevates the shoulder and pulls them back

36
Q

Movement of Shoulder and Arm

A

1) Latissimus Dorsi
- large broad muscle on mid and lower back
- ADDUCTS AND ROTATES the arm behind the back

2) Pectoralis Major
- Large muscle that covers the upper anterior chest
- ADDUCTS and FLEXES the upper arm across the chest and pulls shoulder forward and downward.

3) Deltoid
- Large triangular muscle which covers the shoulder
- abducts the arm
- site for IM injection

Rotator cuff muscles

  • 4 muscles that attach humerous to the -scapula
  • tendons forms a cuff over proximal end of humerus
  • rotate arm@shoulder
37
Q

Muscles of Forearm and Hand

A

1) Biceps Brachii
- major muscles on anterior surface of the upper arm
- flexes and supinates the forearm

Triceps Brachii

  • Major muscle on the posterior surface of the upper arm
  • extends the forearm
38
Q

Muscles of the Trunk

A

Muscles of Respiration:
1. intercostal muscles: connects ribs with each other
external intercostal-inhalation-synergist with diaphragm
internal intercostal-exhalation

  1. Diaphragm: Synergistic with external intercostal muscles
    - large dome shaped muscle
    - major muscle of respiration
    - attached to the xphoid process, the costal
    - cartilage and lumbar vertebrae
    - contraction of diaphragm causes the thoracic cavity to expand(inhalation)

Muscles of the Back/Posture

  1. Erector Spinae
    - deep vertical muscles that run parallel to the spinal column, errect posture
39
Q

Muscles of Abdomen and Pelvis

A
  1. Rectus Abdominis
    - compresses the abdomen
  2. External Oblique
    - compresses the abdomen
    - bends the vertebral column laterally
    - rotates the vertebral column
  3. Internal Oblique
    - compresses the abdomen
    - bends the vertebral column laterally
    - rotates the vertebral column
  4. Transverses Abdominis
    - compresses the abdomen
    - deepest part of the abdominal muscle
40
Q

Muscles of the Lower Extremities

A
  1. Gluteus Maximus
    - largest and most superficial gluteal muscle
    - forms buttock
    - extends the thigh
  2. Gluteus Medius
    - found partly deeper and superior to gluteus maximus
    - abducts and rotates the thigh
  3. Quadriceps Femoris
    - group of four muscles on the anterior and lateral surface of the thigh
    - extends the lower leg
  4. Hamstring Group
    - three muscles located on the posterior surface of the thigh
    - flex the lower leg
    - extend the thigh

(side bar

  • flexer for forearm is anterior
  • flexer for legs posterior)
41
Q

Muscles of the lower leg that move the foot

A
  1. Gastrocenemius
    - large muscle that forms the calf
    - posterior muscle of the lower leg
    - gastrocenemius attached by the achilles tendon
    - plantar flexion
  2. Soleus
    - posterior surface of the lower leg
    - plantar flexion
  3. Tibialis Anterior
    - anterior leg
    - dorsiflexes foot
    - inverts foot
42
Q

Effects of Aging on Muscles

A
  • loss of muscle mass
  • smaller weaker muscles
  • weakness and feeling cold
  • loss of muscle tone=posture change
  • slower muscle responses= increased response to time
  • decrease in elasticity of tendons and ligaments=Loss of ROM
43
Q

Muscular Disorders

A

Atrophy: wasting of muscle
Dystrophy: death of muscle
Spasm: sudden painful contraction of a muscle(cramps)
Strains: injury of overuse
Sprains: injury
Rest, Ice, Compress, Elevate-increase bloodflow back

44
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

along lateral neck, to mastoid process

A
  • FLEXES HEAD

- ROTATES HEAD TOWARD OPPOSITE SIDE FROM MUSCLE

45
Q

Masseter

at angle of the jaw

A

-CLOSES JAW

46
Q

Temporalis

above ear

A

-CLOSES JAW

47
Q

Trapezius

Posterior neck and upper back to clavicle and scapula

A
  • RAISES SHOULDER AND PULLS BACK

- EXTENDS AND ROTATES NECK

48
Q

Latissimus Dorsi

Middle and Lower back to humerus

A

-EXTENDS AND ADDUCTS ARM BEHIND BACK

49
Q

Pectoralis Major

Superior, anterior chest to humerus

A

-FLEXES AND ADDUCTS ARM ACROSS CHEST, PULLS SHOULDER FORWARD AND DOWNWARD

50
Q

Deltoid

covers shoulder joint

A

ABDUCTS THE ARM

FLEXES AND EXTENDS ARMS AT SHOULDER

51
Q 
Biceps Brachii
(Anterior arm along humerus, to radius)
A

FLEXES FOREARM AT ELBOW

SUPINATES THE FOREARM AND HAND

52
Q

Triceps Brachii

Posterior arm to ulna

A

EXTENDS FOREARM TO STRAIGHTEN UPPER EXTREMITY

53
Q

Diaphragm

Dome-shaped partition btw thoracic and abdominal cavity

A

Dome descends to enlarge thoracic cavity from top to bottom

54
Q

Intercostals (BTW RIBS)

A

ELEVATE RIBS AND ENLARGE THORACIC CAVITY

55
Q 
Erector spinae(deep)
(group of deep verical muscles btw sacrum and skull)
A

EXTENDS VERTEBRAL COLUMN TO PRODUCE ECRECT POSTURE

56
Q

Gluteus Maximus

Superfical buttock to femur

A

EXTENDS THIGH

57
Q

Gluteus Medius

Deep buttock, to femur

A

ABDUCTS THIGH

58
Q

Quadriceps Femoris

Anterior thigh to tibia

A

EXTENDS THE LEG

59
Q

Hamstring Group

Posterior thigh

A

FLEXES LEG AT KNEE, EXTENDS AND ROTATES THIGH AT HIP

60
Q

Gastrocnemius

Posterior leg, Inserts into Achillies tendon

A

plantar flex foot

61
Q

Soleus (posterior leg)

A

plantar flex foot

62
Q

Tibialis Anterior (anterior and lateral to led to foot)

A

Dorsiflex foot

VEEB (25 decks)

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