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Physiology 2 > Exam II Water Balance > Flashcards

Exam II Water Balance Flashcards

1
Q

Substances that dissolve readily in water

A

Hydrophilic

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2
Q

Molecules that contains a preponderance of non polar bonds and are insoluble in water

A

Hydrophobic

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3
Q

about % of the total body weight is water

A

60

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4
Q

Where in our body is most of the water found?

a. extracellularly located
b. intracellularly located

A

b. intracellular

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5
Q

3 ways of water intake

A
  1. ingested liq.
  2. ingested food
  3. metabolic water
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6
Q

4 ways of water loss

A
  1. Kidneys
  2. Skin excretes water as sweat
  3. lungs, as exhaled water vapor
  4. GI tract, in poo
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7
Q

An animal is in fluid balance when _____.

A

The amt. of water gained each day is equal to the amount lost to the environment

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8
Q

about 80% of the ECF is ______.

A

Interstitial fluid

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9
Q

About 20% of the ECF is ____

A

blood plasma

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10
Q

Where can transcellular water be found?

A 
Lymph vessels
CFS
Synovial joints
Eyes
Ears
glomerular filtrate
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11
Q

What are the 3 types of ECF?

A
  1. IF
  2. Plasma
  3. Transcellular water
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12
Q

The movement of water through a semipermeable memb.

A

osmosis

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13
Q

Mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids

A

Homeostatic mechanisms

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14
Q

T/F. Homeostatic mechanisms respond to changes in ICF.

A

F. ECF

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15
Q

Compounds that dissociate into ions when dissolved in a solution and are able to conduct electricity?

A

Electrolytes

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16
Q

What area the functions of electrolytes in the body

A
  1. Cell metabolism
  2. Facilitate osmotic movement of H2O
  3. Maintain H+ conc.
  4. Production and maintenance of membrane potentials and action potentials
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17
Q

What is the use of Ca+ in the body

A
  1. bone and teeth
  2. blood coagulation
  3. neural transmission
  4. muscle contraction
  5. PM and cell junctions
  6. Enzyme activation
  7. Messenger molecules
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18
Q

What is the use of chloride in the body?

A
  1. HCl

2. Transmission of nerve impulses

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19
Q

What is the use of Mg in the body

A
  1. enzyme activation

2. Neuromuscular transmission

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20
Q

What is the use of K+ in the body?

A
  1. Water and electrolytes in ICF
  2. Nerve impulses
  3. Acid base balance
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21
Q

What is the use of Na in the body?

A
  1. ECF
  2. . inc PM permeability
  3. body water distribution
  4. A-B balance
  5. Nerve transmission
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22
Q

Which cations are located in the ECF?

A

Na and Ca

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23
Q

What cations are located in the ICF

A

K and Mg

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24
Q

What Anions are located in the ECF?

A

Cl- HCO-

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25
Q

What Anions are located in the ICF?

A

Phosphate and Protein

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26
Q

Alterations in H2O balance are normally analyzed as changes in either ___ or ___

A

ECF or ICF

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27
Q

If osmolality of ECF increases it becomes _____ with respect to the ICF and water will move from _____ to ____

A

Hypertonic, From the cells to ECF

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28
Q

If osmolality of the ECF dec. it becomes ____ with respect to ICF and water will move from ____ to ____

A

Hypotonic, from ECF into cells

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29
Q

Which of the following hormones are involved in water balance?

a. ADH
b. Aldosterone
c. ANP
d. A and B
e. All of above

A

e. All of above

30
Q

What 3 hormones regulate fluid loss

A
  1. ADH
  2. Aldosterone
  3. ANP
31
Q

Which hormone has osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus that monitors the osmotic conc. of ECF

A

ADH

32
Q

The rate of ADH release varies directly with ____

A

osmolarity

33
Q

The higher the osmolarity the more/less ADH released

A

More

34
Q

Inc. release of ADH has 2 effects:

A
  1. Stimulates H2O conservation at kidneys, reducing urinary water loss and concentrating urine
  2. stimulates thirst
35
Q

Which hormone plays a major role in determining the rate of Na absorption in the kidneys?

A

Aldosterone

36
Q

Where is Aldosterone secreted from?

A

Adrenal cortex

37
Q

The higher the plasma aldosterone conc. the more/less the kidneys will conserve Na

A

More

38
Q

T/F Aldosterone stimulates kidneys to retain water?

A

T

39
Q

T/F Secretion of Aldosterone is directly influenced by Na ion concentration in the plasma

A

F

40
Q

What are the 3 ways Aldosterone is stimmulated?

A
  1. RAAS
  2. Rise in ECF Osmolality
  3. ECF K+ levels
41
Q

What stimulates RAAS?

A

dec. in plasma volume or BP

42
Q

T/F. RAAS will cause an inc. in urination and inc. in fluid retention

A

F. Dec. in urinationa and inc. in fluid retention

43
Q

T/F. the goal of RAAS is to inc. blood volume

A

T

44
Q

Where is ANP released from?

A

Cardiac muscles

45
Q

ANP is released when there is an inc. or dec. in BP?

A

Inc.

46
Q

What are the 4 ways ANP dec. blood pressure

A
  1. inc. H2O loss in kidneys
  2. dec. thirst
  3. block the release of ADH
  4. Stimulate peripheral vasodilation
47
Q

The actions of angiotensin II are opposed by which hormone?

A

ANP

48
Q

What two forces control water movement?

A
  1. hydrostatic pressure

2. Colloid osmotic pressure

49
Q

Presence of excess fluid in the tissues

A

Edema

50
Q

What are the 4 common causes of intracellular edema

A
  1. hyponatremia
  2. Depression of metabolic systems of cells
  3. ischemia
  4. inflammation
51
Q

What are the 3 common causes of extracellular edema

A
  1. leakage of fluid from plasma
  2. lymphatic vessel failure
  3. inc. capillary pressure
52
Q

How do loop diuretics work?

A

inhibit the NKCC receptors in the TAL

53
Q

Do loop diuretics inc. or decrease GFR

A

inc.

54
Q

Kidneys cant concentrate urine and a large amt. of dilute urine is excreted

A

Diabetes insipidus

55
Q

Type of diabetes Caused by a lack of ADH synthesis

A

D. insipidus centralis

56
Q

Type of Diabetes when ADH is produced, but cant act on kidney

A

D. insipidus renalis

57
Q

solution causes cell to neither shrink or swell

A

isotonic

58
Q

Solution causes cell to swell

A

Hypotonic

59
Q

Solution causes cell to shrink

A

hypertonic

60
Q

Water loss that cannot be measured

A

insensible

61
Q

Water loss that can be measured

A

sensible

62
Q

type of dehydration where water loss exceeds electrolyte loss

A

hypertonic

63
Q

Type of dehydration were electrolyte loss exceeds water loss

A

hypotonic

64
Q

Type of dehydration where water loss and electrolyte loss are the same

A

isotonic

65
Q

Type of overhydration where there is a gain of water without a gain of electrolytes

A

hypotonic

66
Q

Type of over hydration where there is a gain of electrolytes without a gain of water

A

hypertonic

67
Q

type of diuretics that inhibit NaCl reabsorption in the DT

A

Thiazide

68
Q

Which diuretic leads to hypokalemia

A

thiazide

69
Q

type of diuretics that block Na channels in the CD leading to reduction of K excretion

A

K-sparing diuretics

70
Q

block the aldosterone receptor and the ENaC

A

Aldosterone antagonists

Physiology 2 (19 decks)

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