Chapter 9

Question 1

Today, more than 90 percent of school-age children attend school as compared to…in 1890

Answer 1

7 percent

Question 2

It has been found that the norms of the peer culture at school are often at odds with those of adult society, and that a…with a distinct social system develops

Answer 2

pseudoculture

Question 3

About…of all children whose mothers have less than a high school education suffer educational deficiencies compared to only 8 percent of children whose mothers have a college degree or higher

Answer 3

one-third

Question 4

Schools with a completion rate of 40 percent or less are known as…

Answer 4

dropout factories

Question 5

A 2012 US Department of Education report revealed that over…of the students involved in school-related arrests or referred to law enforcement were Hispanic or black

Answer 5

70 percent

Question 6

Most youth who drop out of school show danger signs by the…grade

Answer 6

fourth

Question 7

Which benchmark is an indicator for determining risk of dropout based on course performance?

Answer 7

One failed course in the first year of high school

Question 8

Which youth are most likely to become delinquent?

Answer 8

Chronic underachievers

Question 9

Which research finding is evidence that school failure is a direct cause of delinquent behavior?

Answer 9

Some youth seek out like-minded companions and together engage in antisocial behaviors because they believe they will never achieve success through conventional means.

Question 10

Albert Cohen argued that working-class students were more likely to fail in school and turn to delinquency because they _____.

Answer 10

are poorly equipped to function in middle-class schools

Question 11

Youth who fail to form a bond to school tend to gravitate toward delinquency-producing influences or situations, such as antisocial peers, a phenomenon known as _____.

Answer 11

alienation

Question 12

What percent of public schools nationally report that bullying occurred among students on a daily or weekly basis?

Answer 12

25 percent

Question 13

The crimes that juveniles are most likely to get involved in, such as simple assault offenses, take place at _____.

Answer 13

school

Question 14

Approximately _____ of all high, middle, and primary public schools use _____.

Answer 14

two-thirds; security cameras

Question 15

Although there are numerous programs implemented into schools to make delinquency prevention more effective, one recommendation is to focus on _____.

Answer 15

personalized student–teacher relationships

Question 16

Which school-based prevention strategy works toward improving students’ psychological assets and self-image by giving them the resources to resist antisocial behavior?

Answer 16

Affective

Question 17

In which court case did the court allow drug testing of student athletes who are going off campus to engage in school events?

Answer 17

Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton

Question 18

The Improving America’s Schools Act allows educational systems to disclose education records _____.

Answer 18

when state law authorizes the disclosure

Question 19

In which court case did the court uphold the school system’s right to discipline a student who uses obscene or profane language and gestures?

Answer 19

Bethal School District No. 403 v. Fraser

Question 20

What percent of students with disabilities suffer corporal punishment at school annually?

Answer 20

19 percent

Question 21

Students with _____ and ____ students are much more likely to be disciplined for school infractions.

Answer 21

learning disabilities; minority

Question 22

On average, students who earn a 2.0 GPA or less in their freshman year have _____ graduation rates compared to students who earn a 2.5 or higher (on a 4-point scale).

Answer 22

significantly lower

Question 23

Only _____ percent of the chronic offenders in Marvin Wolfgang’s Philadelphia Delinquency in a Birth Cohort study graduated from high school, compared with _____ percent of nonoffenders.

Answer 23

9; 74

Question 24

The Secret Service found that school shooters _____.

Answer 24

came from such a wide variety of backgrounds that no accurate or useful profile can be developed

Question 25

In Safford Unified School District v. Redding (2009), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the appeal that _____.

Answer 25

the strip search was unconstitutional and that the school should be held personally liable for damages.

Question 26

Today, more than...percent of school-age children attend school

Answer 26

90

Question 27

School has become the primary instrument of

Answer 27

socialization

Question 28

Today, less than...of students drop out of high school

Answer 28

20%

Question 29

Some say...significantly increases delinquency, others find no link

Answer 29

dropping out

Question 30

Reasons for dropping out

Answer 30

Failed course; grade point average; absences; pushed out

Question 31

Poverty and family dysfunction increase chances of...

Answer 31

dropping out

Question 32

Minority students drop out at a...than European American students

Answer 32

higher rate

Question 33

According to Dorn, the relatively high dropout rate among minorities is...

Answer 33

the legacy of disciplinary policies enacted when educational administrators opposed school desegregation

Question 34

Payne and Welch found that administrators and teachers in urban schools were more likely...

Answer 34

to respond to misbehavior in a punitive as opposed to a restorative manner

Question 35

...are most likely to be delinquent

Answer 35

Chronic underachievers

Question 36

Chronic underachievement is a stronger predictor of delinquency than...

Answer 36

class membership, race, ethnicity, or peer influence

Question 37

Children who report they don’t like school or don’t do well in school are most likely to

Answer 37

self-report delinquency

Question 38

Three independent views on the association between school failure and delinquency are:

Answer 38

School failure is a direct cause of delinquent behavior; school failure leads to emotional and psychological problems that are the actual cause of antisocial behavior; school failure and delinquency share a common cause

Question 39

Correlates of school failure

Answer 39

Personal problems (dysfunctional family, psychological abnormalities), social class, tracking, alienation

Question 40

Correlates of school failure (tracking)

Answer 40

Involves dividing students into groups according to ability

Question 41

Bullying

Answer 41

Repeated negative acts committed by one or more youth against another

Question 42

According to Soule and his associates, juvenile victimization and delinquency peaks during ..., whereas substance use peaks over the...

Answer 42

school hours; weekend

Question 43

According to Klein, bullies are motivated by need to prove their

Answer 43

masculinity

Question 44

According to Loeber, bullies have a long history of antisocial behaviors that precedes their

Answer 44

school experience

Question 45

...(1980s), considered the most successful of its type, involved school-wide, classroom-wide, and individual-level interventions

Answer 45

Dan Olweus’ anti-bullying program

Question 46

Many school shooters had history of

Answer 46

abuse, bullying, and real or perceived lack of support from peers, parents, and teachers

Question 47

Most school shootings occurred around

Answer 47

the start of the school day, lunch period, or end of day

Question 48

School shooters were also likely to have expressed some form of...prior to the shooting

Answer 48

suicidal behavior

Question 49

School shooters:

Answer 49

Develop a plan of attack well in advance; experience mental anguish; come from a wide variety of backgrounds; have a history of feeling extremely depressed or desperate; are most often motivated by revenge; had experience with guns and/or other weapons

Question 50

School-level causes of school crimes

Answer 50

High proportion of students who commit crime at school read below grade level, are welfare recipients, and live in socially disorganized areas

Question 51

Individual-level causes of school crimes

Answer 51

Emotional/psychological causes, isolation, alienation, and substance abuse linked to school delinquency

Question 52

Community-level causes of school crimes

Answer 52

Socially disorganized neighborhoods experience higher rates of drug abuse and crime in schools; factors such as single parent families, high population density, and transient populations can lead to higher rates of school crime

Question 53

School security efforts

Answer 53

Locked or monitored doors/gates, limited or controlled access to campus, metal detectors, security cameras, and limited access to social networking websites

Question 54

Employing law enforcement for school security

Answer 54

Some have undercover officers; | some assign School Resource Officers to work on campus

Question 55

Critics argue that security measures reduce

Answer 55

morale

Question 56

The most effective methods of reducing disorder and crime in schools includes the encouragement of

Answer 56

order and organization and an emphasis on student-bonding

Question 57

School-based prevention efforts:

Answer 57

``` Cognitive Affective Behavioral Environmental Therapeutic ```

Question 58

New Jersey vs. T.L.O. (1984):

Answer 58

School officials can legally search students when there are reasonable grounds to believe a student has violated the law

Question 59

The Supreme Court allows school authorities to conduct random drug tests on the grounds that they are

Answer 59

less intrusive than a search of a student’s body

Question 60

Board of Education of Independent School District No. 92 of Pottawatomie County el al. v. Earls et al.

Answer 60

The Court extended the right to test for drugs without probable cause to all students as long as the drug-testing policies were “reasonable”

Question 61

The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (1974)

Answer 61

Restricts disclosure of information from a student’s education records without parental consent

Question 62

In 1994, Congress allowed educational system to disclose education records if:

Answer 62

State law authorizes the disclosure The disclosure is to a juvenile justice agency The disclosure relates to the justice system’s ability to provide preadjudication services to a student State or local officials certify in writing that the institution or individual receiving the information has agreed not to disclose it to a third party other than another juvenile justice system agency

Question 63

Two main categories of free speech:

Answer 63

Passive speech and active speech

Question 64

Passive speech

Answer 64

Unless it can be shown that the forbidden conduct will interfere with the discipline required to operate the school, the prohibition cannot be sustained (Tinker v. Des Monies Independent Community School District, 1969)

Question 65

Active speech

Answer 65

The Court extended the right of school officials to censor active speech when it ruled the principal of Hazelwood School District could censor articles in a student publication (Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, 1988)

Question 66

Corporal punishment in schools is allowed in

Answer 66

20 states

Question 67

In the 1977 case of Ingraham v. Wright:

Answer 67

Court held that neither the Eighth nor the Fourteenth Amendment was violated by a teacher’s use of corporal punishment to discipline students

Question 68

Goss v. Lopez, 1976

Answer 68

Suspensions/expulsions require due process hearing

Question 69

Academic tracking refers to:

Answer 69

dividing students into groups according to ability and achievement level

Question 70

Given the risk factors, Jazmyn will likely join approximately what percentage of high school students that dropout?

Answer 70

20

Question 71

Police need _________________ before they can conduct a search, but educators can legally search students when there are reasonable grounds to believe the students have violated the law or broken school rules.

Answer 71

probable cause

Question 72

Which statement is false with regard to minority students in school? Black and Hispanic students are also disproportionately subject to seclusion or restraints. Students with disabilities are disproportionally subject to physical restraints. A smaller percentage of minority students are in gifted and talented programs. Teachers in high-minority schools were paid more per year than their colleagues elsewhere.

Answer 72

Teachers in high-minority schools were paid more per year than their colleagues elsewhere.

Question 73

True or false? School shooters typically develop a plan of attack well in advance.

Answer 73

True