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SOC 3410 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

One of the more common health risks related to marijuana use is _____.

A

chronic bronchitis

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2
Q

What does the most recent MTF survey (2014) indicate about general trends in drug use among American adolescents in 2014 as compared to the mid-to-late 1990s?

A

Alcohol consumption and narcotics use has declined.

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3
Q

What substance remains the drug of choice for most teens?

A

Alcohol

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4
Q

Which substance is a central nervous system depressant?

A

Phencyclidine (PCP)

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5
Q

Which group of drugs has a black market sales profit of close to $1 billion annually?

A

Anabolic steroids

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6
Q

The “saturation” effect examining the causes of drugs as identified by Zimmerman and Vásquez refers to the _____.

A

nonlinear relationship between peer associations and adolescent substance use

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7
Q

Drug abusers are believed to exhibit psychopathic or sociopathic behavior characteristics, forming what is called an _____.

A

addiction-prone personality

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8
Q

For their first year of drug dealing, the estimated hourly wage for a “foot soldier” is _____, whereas a gang leader tends to yield an hourly wage of _____.

A

$2.50; $32.50

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9
Q

The 2 percent of teenage drug dealers commit _____ of all robberies and assaults.

A

40 percent

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10
Q

What are drug-involved “losers?”

A

People who earn a living by steering customers to a drug dealer

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11
Q

Persistent offenders and substance abusers typically _____.

A

come from poor families

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12
Q

The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth found that youth who used marijuana in the past month are more likely to _____.

A

vandalize property than youth who did not

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13
Q

According to researchers at the Institute of Behavioral Science at the University of Colorado, the difficulty in understanding the relationship between drug use and delinquent behavior is further complicated because _____.

A

drug use appears to be a type of delinquent behavior

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14
Q

Which drug did the Elliot research find is a gateway for multiple drug use?

A

Marijuana

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15
Q

Cutting off supplies of drugs by destroying overseas crops and arresting members of drug cartels is known as _____.

A

source control

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16
Q

What was the purpose of Operation Webslinger?

A

Tracking down the suppliers of gamma-butyrolactone, who bring it into the United States from Canada

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17
Q

A review of more than 300 international studies on police crackdowns on drug users and dealers found _____.

A

that this approach tends to lead to increased violence

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18
Q

In a national study, the new curriculum of D.A.R.E., “Take Charge of Your Life,” was found to _____.

A

increase the initiation of tobacco and alcohol use among teens

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19
Q

Which program targets the specific pressures that young people face to try drugs and alcohol and provides education to parents and the community at large to assist youths in learning about the dangers of substance abuse and strategies for resisting the pressures to use drugs and alcohol?

A

SMART Moves

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20
Q

The federal government has spent $1 trillion on its efforts to_____.

A

implement the War on Drugs

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21
Q

Which drug was first isolated in 1860 and used to relieve fatigue and depression?

A

Cocaine

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22
Q

The National Youth Survey found _____ between drug use and social class.

A

little association

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23
Q

Which behavior has been found to be a significant precursor of substance abuse and delinquency?

A

Drinking as an adolescent with an adult present

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24
Q

The abuse of _____ seems to be a cause of marijuana and other drug abuse, because most drug users start with it, whereas youth who abstain from it almost never use drugs.

A

Alcohol

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25
Minimizing the harmful effects caused by drug use and some of the more punitive responses to drug use is the goal of _____.
harm-reduction strategies
26
Marijuana
Produced from the leaves of cannabis sativa
27
Hashish
Concentrated form of cannabis made of unadulterated resin from the female plant
28
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
a mild hallucinogen, most commonly used drug by teenagers (not physically addictive)
29
Cocaine
Most powerful natural stimulant that produces euphoria, restlessness, and excitement
30
Crack
Processed street cocaine Gained popularity in the mid-1980s Relatively inexpensive Can provide a powerful high and is highly addictive
31
Heroin
Most dangerous commonly abused drug
32
...is the drug of choice for most teenagers
alcohol
33
...drivers are arrested each year for D.U.I.
1.2 million
34
The economic cost is staggering: ...lost each year
$185 billion
35
Alcohol's impact on health
Long term use is linked to depression and physical ailments, ranging from heart disease to cirrhosis of the liver
36
Perceived benefits of alcohol
Reduces tension, enhances pleasure, improves social skills, and some claim it transforms experiences for the better
37
Anesthetic Drugs
Central nervous system depressants | Most widely abused is phencyclidine (PCP), aka angel dust
38
Inhalants
Some youths inhale vapors that cause a euphoric feeling that is followed by disorientation, slurred speech, and drowsiness
39
Sedatives and barbiturates
Depress the central nervous system, creating a sleeplike condition
40
Tranquillizers
Reduce anxiety and promote relaxation Overuse can lead to addiction, and withdrawal can be painful and hazardous
41
Hallucinogens
Provide vivid distortions of the senses without greatly disturbing the viewers consciousness e.g., mescaline, LSD
42
Stimulants
Synthetic drugs that increase blood pressure, breathing rate, bodily activity, and elevate mood Methedrine is the most widely used dangerous amphetamine
43
Economic cost of...use in the U.S. exceeds $23 billion a year
Meth
44
Steroids
Anabolic steroids are used to gain muscle bulk and strength Black market sales approach $1 billion annually Cause health problems such as liver ailments, tumors, kidney problems, sexual dysfunctions, hypertension and depression
45
Designer drugs
Some designer drugs are synthetically created in labs for the purpose of temporarily circumventing existing drug laws (e.g., bathsalts) Ecstasy: acts simultaneously as a stimulant and hallucinogen
46
Monitoring the future survey (Annual survey carried out by the Institute for Social Research at the U. of Michigan):
Drug use among American adolescents declined since its peak in 1996 and 1997 Significant drop in alcohol use by the youngest kids Decline in cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco use
47
Pride (Parents Research Institute from Drug Education) Survey:
Found that 2009-2010 school year experienced small to moderate reductions in drug activities Substantial decreases over the last 10 years
48
National Survey on Drug Use and Health:
Drug and alcohol use has stabilized or declined
49
Marijuana use is currently more common among...youths than...youths
male; female
50
Accuracy of reporting may be affected by social and personal traits:
Girls and kids from single-parent homes are less likely to admit taking drugs
51
Social disorganization: why do youths take drugs
Ties drug abuse to poverty, social disorganization, and hopelessness
52
National Youth Survey found...association between drug use and social class
little, if any
53
Adolescent drug abuse is highly correlated to the behavior of... especially when...is weak
best friends; parental supervision
54
...may be the most significant influence on long term substance abuse
Peer networks
55
Drug users often have a...family life
poor
56
Biological children of alcoholics reared by nonalcoholic adoptive parents are found to be...to develop alcohol problems than natural children of adoptive parents
more likely
57
Drug use often manifests itself in
problem behavior syndrome
58
Youths who abuse drugs are often
maladjusted, emotionally distressed, and suffer from other social problems
59
Rational choice theory views experimental drug use with...concern than other theories
less; it purports to maintain a realistic perspective on teenage drug use, as opposed to an overly reactionary, negative stance
60
According to rational choice theory, youths may choose to do drugs to:
``` Get high Relax Improve their creativity Escape reality Increase their sexual responsiveness ```
61
Gateway drugs:
Substances that lead to use of more serious drugs
62
Drinking with an adult present is a significant precursor of
later substance abuse and delinquency
63
About...of substance abusing youths continue to use drugs into adulthood
2/3
64
Association between drug use and delinquency has been definitively established and can take a number of forms:
Crime may be an instrument of the drug trade Users may also commit crimes to pay for their habits Users may be more willing to take risks, as inhibitions are lowered by substance abuse
65
The most recent report (2002) from The National Institute of Justices Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) found that almost...of juvenile males and...of juvenile females tested positive for marijuana
60%; 30%
66
With the exception of methamphetamines, males are...than females to test positive for the use of all other drug
more likely
67
It is far from certain that:
(a) drug use causes delinquency (b) delinquency leads youths to engage in substance abuse (c) both drug abuse and delinquency are functions of some other factor
68
Alcohol abuse leads to...and other drug abuse
marijuana
69
Source control
Designed to punish known dealers and users and to deter those who are thinking of entering the drug trade
70
Border control
Designed to intercept drug supplies as they enter the country Targets Internet drug traffickers from foreign countries
71
Targeting dealers
Efforts focus on drug trafficking and busting large scale drug rings Police street-level busts of dealers/users can be too much of a hassle
72
One of the most successful community-based programs to prevent substance abuse and delinquency is provided by the
Boys and Girls Clubs of America
73
More than..youth ages 12-17 are admitted to treatment facilities in the US
130,000
74
...of youth are referred to treatment facilities through the juvenile justice system
52%
75
Several approaches are available to treat users
Multi-systemic therapy (MST); outdoor activities, wilderness training, and after school community programs; UCLA’s Comprehensive Residential Education, Arts, and Substance Abuse Treatment Program
76
Multi-systemic therapy (MST)
Addresses a variety of family, peer, and psychological problems by focusing on problem-solving and communication skills training.
77
Harm reduction
Efforts to minimize the harmful effects caused by drug use.
78
...makes drug treatment facilities readily available, without fear of punishment, for anyone who wishes to overcome their habit and live a drug-free life
harm reduction
79
Critics see harm reduction as
an approach that condones/promotes drug use
80
It is difficult to eradicate drug abuse because there is
much profit to be made from the sale of drugs
81
...is the drug most frequently abused by American teens
alcohol
82
Prevention, deterrence, and treatment strategies ignore the core reasons for the majority of drug problems:
Poverty, alienation, and family disruption
83
A great effort has been made to cut off supplies of drugs by destroying overseas crops and arresting members of drug cartels. This approach is known as:
source control
84
A(n) _____________________ is a substance that leads to the use of more serious drugs.
gateway drug
85
Crack is manufactured by using _________________________ to remove hydrochlorides to create a crystaline form of cocaine that can be smoked
sodium bicarbonate
86
____________ is/are probably the most dangerous commonly abused drug.
heroin
87
Levitt and Venkatesh’s research on the financial activities of a drug-selling street gang indicates that:
at least for drug dealers, factors other than income may explain participation in this activity

SOC 3410 (10 decks)

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