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SOC 3410 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

One of the more common health risks related to marijuana use is _____.

A

chronic bronchitis

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2
Q

What does the most recent MTF survey (2014) indicate about general trends in drug use among American adolescents in 2014 as compared to the mid-to-late 1990s?

A

Alcohol consumption and narcotics use has declined.

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3
Q

What substance remains the drug of choice for most teens?

A

Alcohol

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4
Q

Which substance is a central nervous system depressant?

A

Phencyclidine (PCP)

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5
Q

Which group of drugs has a black market sales profit of close to $1 billion annually?

A

Anabolic steroids

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6
Q

The “saturation” effect examining the causes of drugs as identified by Zimmerman and Vásquez refers to the _____.

A

nonlinear relationship between peer associations and adolescent substance use

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7
Q

Drug abusers are believed to exhibit psychopathic or sociopathic behavior characteristics, forming what is called an _____.

A

addiction-prone personality

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8
Q

For their first year of drug dealing, the estimated hourly wage for a “foot soldier” is _____, whereas a gang leader tends to yield an hourly wage of _____.

A

$2.50; $32.50

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9
Q

The 2 percent of teenage drug dealers commit _____ of all robberies and assaults.

A

40 percent

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10
Q

What are drug-involved “losers?”

A

People who earn a living by steering customers to a drug dealer

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11
Q

Persistent offenders and substance abusers typically _____.

A

come from poor families

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12
Q

The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth found that youth who used marijuana in the past month are more likely to _____.

A

vandalize property than youth who did not

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13
Q

According to researchers at the Institute of Behavioral Science at the University of Colorado, the difficulty in understanding the relationship between drug use and delinquent behavior is further complicated because _____.

A

drug use appears to be a type of delinquent behavior

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14
Q

Which drug did the Elliot research find is a gateway for multiple drug use?

A

Marijuana

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15
Q

Cutting off supplies of drugs by destroying overseas crops and arresting members of drug cartels is known as _____.

A

source control

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16
Q

What was the purpose of Operation Webslinger?

A

Tracking down the suppliers of gamma-butyrolactone, who bring it into the United States from Canada

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17
Q

A review of more than 300 international studies on police crackdowns on drug users and dealers found _____.

A

that this approach tends to lead to increased violence

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18
Q

In a national study, the new curriculum of D.A.R.E., “Take Charge of Your Life,” was found to _____.

A

increase the initiation of tobacco and alcohol use among teens

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19
Q

Which program targets the specific pressures that young people face to try drugs and alcohol and provides education to parents and the community at large to assist youths in learning about the dangers of substance abuse and strategies for resisting the pressures to use drugs and alcohol?

A

SMART Moves

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20
Q

The federal government has spent $1 trillion on its efforts to_____.

A

implement the War on Drugs

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21
Q

Which drug was first isolated in 1860 and used to relieve fatigue and depression?

A

Cocaine

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22
Q

The National Youth Survey found _____ between drug use and social class.

A

little association

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23
Q

Which behavior has been found to be a significant precursor of substance abuse and delinquency?

A

Drinking as an adolescent with an adult present

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24
Q

The abuse of _____ seems to be a cause of marijuana and other drug abuse, because most drug users start with it, whereas youth who abstain from it almost never use drugs.

A

Alcohol

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25
Q

Minimizing the harmful effects caused by drug use and some of the more punitive responses to drug use is the goal of _____.

A

harm-reduction strategies

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26
Q

Marijuana

A

Produced from the leaves of cannabis sativa

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27
Q

Hashish

A

Concentrated form of cannabis made of unadulterated resin from the female plant

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28
Q

tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

A

a mild hallucinogen, most commonly used drug by teenagers (not physically addictive)

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29
Q

Cocaine

A

Most powerful natural stimulant that produces euphoria, restlessness, and excitement

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30
Q

Crack

A

Processed street cocaine
Gained popularity in the mid-1980s
Relatively inexpensive
Can provide a powerful high and is highly addictive

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31
Q

Heroin

A

Most dangerous commonly abused drug

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32
Q

…is the drug of choice for most teenagers

A

alcohol

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33
Q

…drivers are arrested each year for D.U.I.

A

1.2 million

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34
Q

The economic cost is staggering: …lost each year

A

$185 billion

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35
Q

Alcohol’s impact on health

A

Long term use is linked to depression and physical ailments, ranging from heart disease to cirrhosis of the liver

36
Q

Perceived benefits of alcohol

A

Reduces tension, enhances pleasure, improves social skills, and some claim it transforms experiences for the better

37
Q

Anesthetic Drugs

A

Central nervous system depressants

Most widely abused is phencyclidine (PCP), aka angel dust

38
Q

Inhalants

A

Some youths inhale vapors that cause a euphoric feeling that is followed by disorientation, slurred speech, and drowsiness

39
Q

Sedatives and barbiturates

A

Depress the central nervous system, creating a sleeplike condition

40
Q

Tranquillizers

A

Reduce anxiety and promote relaxation Overuse can lead to addiction, and withdrawal can be painful and hazardous

41
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Provide vivid distortions of the senses without greatly disturbing the viewers consciousness
e.g., mescaline, LSD

42
Q

Stimulants

A

Synthetic drugs that increase blood pressure, breathing rate, bodily activity, and elevate mood
Methedrine is the most widely used dangerous amphetamine

43
Q

Economic cost of…use in the U.S. exceeds $23 billion a year

A

Meth

44
Q

Steroids

A

Anabolic steroids are used to gain muscle bulk and strength
Black market sales approach $1 billion annually
Cause health problems such as liver ailments, tumors, kidney problems, sexual dysfunctions, hypertension and depression

45
Q

Designer drugs

A

Some designer drugs are synthetically created in labs for the purpose of temporarily circumventing existing drug laws (e.g., bathsalts)
Ecstasy: acts simultaneously as a stimulant and hallucinogen

46
Q

Monitoring the future survey (Annual survey carried out by the Institute for Social Research at the U. of Michigan):

A

Drug use among American adolescents declined since its peak in 1996 and 1997 Significant drop in alcohol use by the youngest kids
Decline in cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco use

47
Q

Pride (Parents Research Institute from Drug Education) Survey:

A

Found that 2009-2010 school year experienced small to moderate reductions in drug activities
Substantial decreases over the last 10 years

48
Q

National Survey on Drug Use and Health:

A

Drug and alcohol use has stabilized or declined

49
Q

Marijuana use is currently more common among…youths than…youths

A

male; female

50
Q

Accuracy of reporting may be affected by social and personal traits:

A

Girls and kids from single-parent homes are less likely to admit taking drugs

51
Q

Social disorganization: why do youths take drugs

A

Ties drug abuse to poverty, social disorganization, and hopelessness

52
Q

National Youth Survey found…association between drug use and social class

A

little, if any

53
Q

Adolescent drug abuse is highly correlated to the behavior of… especially when…is weak

A

best friends; parental supervision

54
Q

…may be the most significant influence on long term substance abuse

A

Peer networks

55
Q

Drug users often have a…family life

A

poor

56
Q

Biological children of alcoholics reared by nonalcoholic adoptive parents are found to be…to develop alcohol problems than natural children of adoptive parents

A

more likely

57
Q

Drug use often manifests itself in

A

problem behavior syndrome

58
Q

Youths who abuse drugs are often

A

maladjusted, emotionally distressed, and suffer from other social problems

59
Q

Rational choice theory views experimental drug use with…concern than other theories

A

less; it purports to maintain a realistic perspective on teenage drug use, as opposed to an overly reactionary, negative stance

60
Q

According to rational choice theory, youths may choose to do drugs to:

A 
Get high 
Relax
Improve their creativity
Escape reality
Increase their sexual responsiveness
61
Q

Gateway drugs:

A

Substances that lead to use of more serious drugs

62
Q

Drinking with an adult present is a significant precursor of

A

later substance abuse and delinquency

63
Q

About…of substance abusing youths continue to use drugs into adulthood

A

2/3

64
Q

Association between drug use and delinquency has been definitively established and can take a number of forms:

A

Crime may be an instrument of the drug trade
Users may also commit crimes to pay for their habits
Users may be more willing to take risks, as inhibitions are lowered by substance abuse

65
Q

The most recent report (2002) from The National Institute of Justices Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) found that almost…of juvenile males and…of juvenile females tested positive for marijuana

A

60%; 30%

66
Q

With the exception of methamphetamines, males are…than females to test positive for the use of all other drug

A

more likely

67
Q

It is far from certain that:

A

(a) drug use causes delinquency
(b) delinquency leads youths to engage in substance abuse
(c) both drug abuse and delinquency are functions of some other factor

68
Q

Alcohol abuse leads to…and other drug abuse

A

marijuana

69
Q

Source control

A

Designed to punish known dealers and users and to deter those who are thinking of entering the drug trade

70
Q

Border control

A

Designed to intercept drug supplies as they enter the country
Targets Internet drug traffickers from foreign countries

71
Q

Targeting dealers

A

Efforts focus on drug trafficking and busting large scale drug rings
Police street-level busts of dealers/users can be too much of a hassle

72
Q

One of the most successful community-based programs to prevent substance abuse and delinquency is provided by the

A

Boys and Girls Clubs of America

73
Q

More than..youth ages 12-17 are admitted to treatment facilities in the US

A

130,000

74
Q

…of youth are referred to treatment facilities through the juvenile justice system

A

52%

75
Q

Several approaches are available to treat users

A

Multi-systemic therapy (MST); outdoor activities, wilderness training, and after school community programs; UCLA’s Comprehensive Residential Education, Arts, and Substance Abuse Treatment Program

76
Q

Multi-systemic therapy (MST)

A

Addresses a variety of family, peer, and psychological problems by focusing on problem-solving and communication skills training.

77
Q

Harm reduction

A

Efforts to minimize the harmful effects caused by drug use.

78
Q

…makes drug treatment facilities readily available, without fear of punishment, for anyone who wishes to overcome their habit and live a drug-free life

A

harm reduction

79
Q

Critics see harm reduction as

A

an approach that condones/promotes drug use

80
Q

It is difficult to eradicate drug abuse because there is

A

much profit to be made from the sale of drugs

81
Q

…is the drug most frequently abused by American teens

A

alcohol

82
Q

Prevention, deterrence, and treatment strategies ignore the core reasons for the majority of drug problems:

A

Poverty, alienation, and family disruption

83
Q

A great effort has been made to cut off supplies of drugs by destroying overseas crops and arresting members of drug cartels. This approach is known as:

A

source control

84
Q

A(n) _____________________ is a substance that leads to the use of more serious drugs.

A

gateway drug

85
Q

Crack is manufactured by using _________________________ to remove hydrochlorides to create a crystaline form of cocaine that can be smoked

A

sodium bicarbonate

86
Q

____________ is/are probably the most dangerous commonly abused drug.

A

heroin

87
Q

Levitt and Venkatesh’s research on the financial activities of a drug-selling street gang indicates that:

A

at least for drug dealers, factors other than income may explain participation in this activity

SOC 3410 (10 decks)

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