Chapter 11 Flashcards by Isabella Nolte

Delinquency prevention refers to

intervening in young people’s lives before they engage in delinquency (non-justice)

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delinquency control or delinquency repression

Involves any justice program or policy designed to prevent the occurrence of a future delinquent act.

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Some examples of nonjustice delinquency prevention or alternative delinquency prevention:

YMCA, Boys and Girls Clubs of America

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Public health approach:

Preventing diseases and injuries

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Primary prevention (public health approach)

focuses on improving the general well-being of individuals through such measures as access to health care services and general prevention education, and modifying conditions in the physical environment that are conducive to delinquency through such measures as removing abandoned vehicles and improving the appearance of buildings.

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Secondary prevention (public health approach)

focuses on intervening with children and young people who are potentially at risk for becoming offenders, as well as the provision of neighborhood programs to deter known delinquent activity.

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Tertiary prevention (public health approach)

focuses on intervening with adjudicated juvenile offenders through such measures as substance abuse treatment and imprisonment. Here, the goal is to reduce repeat offending or recidivism

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Developmental perspective:

Interventions, risk and protective factors, designed to prevent the development of criminal potential in individuals

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Prevention activities are organized around different stages of the life course:

Childhood and adolescence

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Early childhood delinquency prevention

Aims at positively influencing the early risk factors of delinquency and criminal offending that continue into adulthood

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Some of these early risk factors of childhood delinquency:

Poverty, hyperactivity or impulsiveness, inadequate parental supervision, and harsh or inconsistent discipline

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Home-based programs:

Involves the provision of support for families

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Example of home visitation:

Nurse-family partnership started in Elmira, New York
Improve the outcomes of pregnancy, quality of care that parents provide to their children, and women’s own personal life-course development

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Another study showed that early family/parent training is an effective intervention for reducing

antisocial behavior and delinquency

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Most widely cited parenting program:

Oregon Social Learning Center (OSLC)

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Some of the key features of preschool programs are:

Developmentally appropriate learning curricula
A wide array of cognitive-based enriching activities
Activities for parents

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Programs targeting teenagers include:

Mentoring
School-based programs
Job training

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Mentoring

Nonprofessional volunteers spend time with at-risk youth

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Jolliffe and Farrington found a…reduction in delinquency, and the program is more effective when the duration of contact between mentor and mentee is longer

10%

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Tolan and his associates found that the two elements most heavily influenced by mentoring were

reduction of delinquency and reduction of aggression

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Research shows that the most successful school programs target an array of risk factors:

Family and school environment
Target youth with highest risk for future delinquency
School-based programs need to be intensive
Engage parents in helping student to learn Reducing negative peer influences through information about gun carrying, drug use, and gang involvement

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Job corps

A federal program established in 1964 for disadvantaged, unemployed youths to improve the employability of participants by offering vocational skills training, basic education and health care

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YouthBuild U.S.A.

Started in 1978 by a group of young people in NY

Focuses on building or renovating affordable housing and provides educational services

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Delinquent offenders

Those who fall under the jurisdictional age limit and commit an act that violates the penal code

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Status offenders

Persons in need of supervision (PINS or CHINS)

Age of jurisdiction varies by states

Others set the upper limit at age 17, and others set it at under age 16

Juvenile justice systems exist in...states

all

Juvenile justice process: police investigation

Have authority to investigate and release or send to juvenile court (file petition)

Juvenile justice process: Detention

If petition is filed, juvenile is referred to court Decision as to whether the child should be allowed to remain in the community, or be placed in secure facility Requires a detention hearing

Pretrial procedures

Adjudication hearing involves informing juveniles of their rights, voluntary plea, and understanding of charges/consequences of plea

Adjudication

Trial stage of juvenile court

Juveniles entitled to due process rights at adjudication hearing:

Right to counsel, freedom from self-incrimination, right to confront and cross-examine witness and in some cases, the right to a jury trial

Juvenile justice process: Disposition

If found guilty, decision regarding what treatment child needs should be made Bifurcated process Hearing could result in a variety of treatment outcomes

Juvenile justice process: Treatment

After disposition, delinquents may be placed in correctional treatment centers

Juvenile court seeks to avoid stigma and labeling | Uses different terms:

E.g., crime vs. petition, secure pretrial holding facilities vs. detention centers, trial vs. hearing

A comprehensive juvenile justice strategy

Focuses on crime prevention and expanding options for dealing with juvenile offenders Addresses link between crime and poverty, child abuse, drugs, weapons, and school behavior

A comprehensive juvenile justice strategy components:

Intervention for at-risk teenage youths Graduated sanction to hold juvenile offenders accountable Proper utilization of detention and confinement Placement of serious juvenile offenders in adult courts

A comprehensive juvenile justice strategy benefits:

Fewer youths entering the juvenile justice system Decreased costs of juvenile corrections Fewer delinquents becoming adult offenders

Early risk factors suggest future delinquency:

Low intelligence, impulsiveness, poor parental supervision, parental conflict, socially disorganized neighborhoods

Prevention of delinquency addresses risk factors

Reduce costs Gain public support Early childhood programs e.g., Head Start

Interventions

Focused on youth considered at higher risk for delinquent behavior Designed to ward off involvement in more serious delinquency

Various programs for interventions exist:

Big Brothers/Big Sisters program, CASASTART

Goal of...are to limit the most restrictive sanctions to the most dangerous offenders, while increasing restrictions/intensity of treatment as offenders move from minor to serious offenses

graduated sanctions

Many argue that institutions are...and encourage...of juvenile offenders

over utilized; deinstitutionalization

Goal of alternative courts is to provide

special services to youths, and alleviate case flow problems resulting from overcrowding

Drug courts

Focus on providing treatment for juveniles accused of drug-related acts About 451 courts around the country, with 48 more courts being planned

Teen courts

Courts that make use of peer juries to decide non-serious delinquency cases  Alternative to traditional forms of juvenile court with 1,048 courts in operation in 49 statesServe an estimated 110,000 to 125,000 young offenders each year

Johnny is 13, impulsive, failing school, and is poorly supervised by his parents. He was placed into Big Brothers/Big Sisters. He was matched with a male volunteer who encourages and supports him in various academic ventures and serves as a role model. What broad category of delinquency prevention is being provided to Johnny through his participation in Big Brothers/Big Sisters?

Developmental perspective

Intervention with adjudicated juvenile offenders where the goal is to reduce repeat offending or recidivism through such measures as substance abuse treatment and imprisonment is:

tertiary prevention

Child abuse, poverty, intrafamilial violence, and harsh punishment increase the risk of occurrence of a future delinquent act and are considered:

risk factors

If the youth is adjudicated delinquent, the court must decide an outcome or treatment approach; this decision is made during the:

dispositional hearing

Programs or policies designed to prevent juvenile delinquency that include police making an arrest as part of an operation to address gang problems are considered:

delinquency control

Which type of service is the best example of delinquency control?

wilderness programs

Using the public health approach, _____ focuses on improving the general well-being of individuals through such measures as access to health care services.

primary prevention

What is the focus of tertiary prevention?

to reduce repeat offending or recidivism

Which approach is informed generally by motivational or human advancement theories on delinquency?

developmental prevention

A developmental prevention program that focuses on strengthening a child's educational skills focuses on _____.

protective factors

A popular form of family support among home-based programs is _____.

home visitation

The "mythical punitive public" refers to the _____.

overestimate of the punitiveness of the general public on the part of politicians

Research uncovered which major benefit of the Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP)?

a reduction in child abuse and neglect

The comparison group of subjects within an experiment that does not receive the program is referred to as the _____

control group

What is a key feature of highly structured, cognitive-based preschool programs?

a wide array of cognitive-based enriching activities

Which program is a new federal initiative that provides funding to faith- and community-based agencies in order to mentor youth involved in the juvenile justice system, foster care, and reentry programs?

Mentoring Initiative for System Involved Youth

Systematic reviews of the effects of mentoring have revealed that the largest effects involve _____.

reductions in delinquency and aggression

A comprehensive review of school-based programs reveals that the main difference between programs that work and those that do not is that _____.

successful programs target an array of important risk factor

Children who fall under the jurisdictional age limit and who commit an act in violation of the penal code are labeled ____

delinquents

Most children come into the justice system as a result of _____.

contact with a police officer

A hearing by a judicial officer of a juvenile court to determine whether a juvenile is to be held or released while proceedings are pending in the case is called a(n) _____.

detention hearing

Rather than being indicted for a crime, as in the adult justice system, juveniles have a(n) _____ filed against them.

petition

The criminal trial is called a(n) _____ in the juvenile justice system.

hearing

For young children, one of the most important risk factors that may lead to future delinquency is _____.

impulsiveness

What is a potential benefit of teen court?

accountability

The main difference between delinquency prevention and delinquency control is that prevention _____.

does not involve the juvenile justice system

There is _____ demand for early prevention programs and _____ demand for increased use of incarceration.

a growing; little

Research has shown that mentoring and other types of delinquency prevention programs offered _____, particularly for high-risk youths, may end up causing more harm than good.

in group settings

Under the _____ philosophy, juvenile justice procedures are informal and nonadversarial, invoked for juvenile offenders rather than against them.

parens patriae

What is one of the fastest growing delinquency intervention programs in the country, with more than 1,048 in operation in 49 states and the District of Columbia?

teen courts