Chapter 14 Flashcards by Isabella Nolte

Probation, treatment services such as individual/group counseling, restitution, foster homes and small group home, boarding schools, counseling and vocational training are some of the efforts to

provide care, protection, and treatment for juveniles in need

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suppression effect

A reduction of the number of arrests per year for youths who have been incarcerated or otherwise punished.

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Correctional centers are operated by what kind of governments?

federal, state and/or county

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Correctional centers restrict movement of residents through means such as

staff monitoring, locked exits, and interior fence controls

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Various types of institutional treatment:

Reception centers, specialized facilities, training schools, ranch/forestry, and boot camps

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What is juvenile probation?

Nonpunitive, legal disposition of juveniles emphasizing community treatment with close supervision

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Juvenile probation is characterized by:

Established set of rules, treatment in the community
Group counseling
Drug treatment
Others

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The primary form of community treatment used in the juvenile system is

juvenile probation

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…was part of social reform in the latter half of the 19th century

juvenile probation

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By…, probation had become a mandatory part of the court structure

1890

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Probation is the most popular juvenile disposition for juvenile court judges: … juveniles were placed on formal probation to date

339,700

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Contemporary probation is the backbone of

community treatment centers

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Probation is a direct judicial order that allows youth to remain in

community under court supervision

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Conditions of probation typically involve basic rules such as

attending school/work, keeping regular hours, remaining in the jurisdiction, and staying out of trouble

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Probation is often ordered for an…period of time

indefinite

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Probation allows the court to…a program to each youth offender

tailor

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Research raises questions regarding the adequacy of the present system to attend to special needs of…probationers

female

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Personalized probation plans help with the problem of

female probationers

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Particularly for…, probation is often the disposition of choice

status offenders

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Restitution or reparation, intensive supervision and/ore counseling, participation in a therapeutic program and/or educational or vocational training program, lead law-abiding live, maintain a residence in a family setting, refrain from associating with certain types of people, remain in a particular area unless given permission to leave are some of the rules and regulations included in:

probation

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The Supreme Court ruled that a juvenile is normally entitled to … and a … if cited for a probation violation

legal representation; hearing

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Intake, predisposition, post adjudication, post disposition are the duties of

juvenile probation officers

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Intake (duties of juvenile probation officers):

Screen complaints and make case decisions: refer the child to agency for service or to the court for judicial action

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Predisposition (duties of juvenile probation officers):

Participate in release or detention decisions

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Post adjudication (duties of juvenile probation officers):

Assist the court in reaching a dispositional decision | Prepare predispositional reports containing pertinent, comprehensive information regarding the juvenile

Post disposition (duties of juvenile probation officers):

Supervise juveniles placed on probation Provide supervision and treatment in the community Provide extensive counseling to the child and family Refer to social service agencies

Juvenile intensive probation supervision (JIPS)

A true alternative to incarceration that involves almost daily supervision of the juvenile by the probation officer assigned to the case.

Intensive supervision involves

treating juveniles normally sent to secure confinement in the community as part of small, specialized caseload

Goals of intensive supervision are:

decarceration, control, and maintaining community ties and reintegration

House arrest coupled with...is common

electric monitoring

The effectiveness of electric monitoring is

debatable, and seems to be effective only with certain populations

restorative justice

Nonpunitive strategies for dealing with juvenile offenders that make the justice system a healing process rather than a punishment process.

balanced probation

A program that integrates community protection, accountability of the juvenile offender, competency, and individualized attention to the juvenile offender, based on the principle that juvenile offenders must accept responsibility for their behavior.

Restitution

Can take on several forms: monetary, victim services, and community service, among others

monetary restitution

Offenders compensate crime victims for out-of-pocket losses caused by the crime, including property damage, lost wages, and medical expenses.

community service restitution

Offenders assist some worthwhile community organization for a period of time.

victim service restitution

Offenders provide some service directly to the crime victim.

Residential programs are non-secure facilities where:

juveniles are closely monitored

Group homes are non secure residences that provide

counseling, education, job training, and family living

Foster care programs:

Combination of foster care and group homes

Rural programs provide:

recreational activities or work for juveniles in a rural setting, i.e., forestry camp or farm, ranch

Reform schools are institutions that provide

educational and psychological services to improve the conduct of juveniles who are forcibly detained

cottage system

Housing in a compound of small cottages, each of which can accommodate 20 to 40 children.

The first juvenile court came in

1899

In 1930s, the...began to emerge

Civilian Conservation Corps

In the...American Law Institute's Model Youth Correction Authority Act passed

1940s

Most delinquent juveniles housed in... facilities

public

Most status offenders are held in

private facilities

Typical resident in juvenile facility:

15 or 16 years of age European American MaleMost incarcerated are person, property, or drug offenders

Minority, youth are...likely to be incarcerated as punishment for their offenses

...in...juveniles in custody belong to racial or ethnic minorities

7 in 10

Seven out of every eight incarcerated juveniles are

male

Number of female offenders has increased by

57 percent

Girls are...likely to be incarcerated for status offenses

Institutions for...are more restrictive than those for..., and do a less-than-adequate job of rehabilitation

girls; boys

Over the years, the number of...held in public institutions has declined, but they tend to be incarcerated longer

females

Female offenders have higher rates of ..., and are typically isolated in rural areas

mental health problems

Purpose of juvenile correctional system is

rehabilitation of juvenile offender

What kind of treatment is most common in juvenile correctional system?

individual

Some individual treatments in juvenile correctional system

Psychotherapy, reality therapy, and behavior modification

Group treatments

Guide group interaction (GGI), positive peer culture (PPC), and milieu therapy

Educational programs are often the best staffed of all programs, but are still

inadequate

A common drawback of vocational training is

"sex-typing"

Vocational programs range from

auto repair to computer training

Wilderness programs

Involve outdoor expeditions that provide opportunities to confront difficulties and achieve personal satisfaction

Juvenile boot camps

Combine get-tough approaches with education, substance abuse treatment, and social skills training

A meta-analysis study shows boot camps to be ineffective in

reducing recidivism rates

The concept of legal right to treatment was introduced to the mental health field in 1960 by

Morton Birnbaum

Boy’s Training School v. Affleck (1972)

Established minimum standards for all juveniles confined in training schools

Nelson v. Heyne (1974)Morales v. Turman Pena v. New York State Division for Youth Ralston v. Robinson Santana v. Callazo

Other cases related to "right to treatment"

aftercare

Transitional assistance to juveniles equivalent to adult parole to help youths adjust to community life.

Reentry

the process of returning to society upon release from a secure custody facility

Services provided to juveniles:

Supervision by parole officers or a caseworker to maintain contact with juvenile, make sure a corrections plan is followed, and show interest and care

Adhere to a reasonable curfew set by youth worker or parent Refrain from associating with persons whose influence would be detrimental Attend school in accordance with the law Abstain from drugs and alcohol Report to the youth worker when required

aftercare revocation procedures

Refrain from acts that would be crimes if committed by an adult Refrain from operating an automobile without permission of the youth worker or parent Refrain from being habitually disobedient and beyond the lawful control of parent or other legal authority Refrain from running away from the lawful custody or parent or other legal authority

More aftercare revocation procedures

There is a debate regarding effectiveness of...versus...treatment

community; institutional

The most effective secure corrections programs are the ones that provide

individual services for a small number of participants

The concept of...is applicable in decisions on placing juvenile offenders in institutions to ensure that the setting benefits the juvenile’s treatment needs

least restrictive alternative

________________ combine elements of foster care and group home placements and are run by a single family rather than staff members.

family group homes

In ________________________, all aspects of the environment are part of the treatment, and meaningful change, increased growth, and satisfactory adjustment are encouraged.

milieu therapy

_____________________ involve one or two juveniles who live with a family, usually a husband and wife who serve as surrogate parents.

Foster home programs

_____________________ is based on the theory that all behavior is learned and that current behavior can be shaped through rewards and punishments.

Behavior modification

____________________ is the primary form of correctional treatment used by the juvenile justice system.

Probation

Which institution is a treatment facility operated by a government agency that restricts the movement of residents through staff monitoring, locked exits, and interior fence controls?

reception center

In 2008, _____ percent of all juvenile dispositions ended in probation.

A juvenile probation officer supervise juveniles placed on probation during _____.

postdisposition

The social investigation report submitted to the court by the probation officer includes _____.

the juvenile's physical and mental health

What is the primary goal of juvenile intensive probation supervision?

the decarceration of high-risk juvenile offenders

Which form of community-based corrections applies restrictions prescribed by community members to help repair harm done to victims?

restorative justice

Which is one of the core values of restorative justice?

The offender will develop improved competency and understanding.

The _____ approach integrates community protection, the accountability of the juvenile offender, and individualized attention to the offender.

balanced probation

When was the House of Refuge established?

1825

Since the 1970s, which policy has been the leading practice for providing services for status offenders?

least restrictive alternative

What percent of juvenile delinquents are held in public secure facilities?

69 percent

Why do some states incarcerate juveniles at a much higher rate than others?

Those states have higher adult custody rates

Despite good intentions, why is the goal of rehabilitation sometimes not attained in treatment programs?

poor implementation of the programs

Which form of therapy involves highly structured counseling in which a therapist helps a juvenile solve conflicts, analyze childhood experiences, and make a more positive adjustment to society?

psychotherapy

Which form of therapy is based on social learning theory?

behavior modification

Which treatment approach is based on the theory that, through group discussions, a delinquent can acknowledge and solve personal problems?

guided group interaction

A meta-analysis of boot camps found that _____.

juvenile boot camps have a higher, though not significant, recidivism rate than do adult boot camps

Which court case determined that failure to treat juveniles is a violation of their due process guarantees?

Inmates of the Boys' Training School v. Affleck

The court struck down the claim that a youth should continue to be given treatment after being sentenced to a consecutive term in an adult prison in which case?

Ralston v. Robinson

Among the basic principles of Intensive Aftercare Program (IAP) is one of _____.

developing new resources and supports where needed

Which U.S. state took the first step in developing juvenile probation in the nineteenth century?

Massachusetts

Which type of offender is most likely to fail on electronic monitoring?

substance abusers

The Juvenile Residential Facility Census has found that _____ of the 2,860 facilities that reported information were either at capacity or overcrowded.

25 percent

In a detailed review of the effects of wilderness programs—specifically, those emphasizing physical activity over more therapeutic goals—on recidivism, Doris MacKenzie concludes that these programs _____.

do not work

Most states have extended the same legal rights enjoyed by adults at parole revocation hearings to juveniles who are in danger of losing their aftercare privileges. What is one of these rights?

the right to introduce documentary evidence and witnesses