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Histology > Connective Tissues > Flashcards

Connective Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the CT?

A

Support
Storage
Response (Immune, allergic, inflammatory)
Tissue repair

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2
Q

What are the constituents of the CT?

A

Extracellular matrix

Cells

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3
Q

What is the extracellular matrix made off?

A

Fibers-3 types collagen fibers, reticular fibers made of collagen and elastic fibers made of elastin and fibrillin
Ground substance composed of GAGs, proteoglycans and multiadhesive glycoproteins

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of collagen?

A 
extracellular fibrillar protein
Principal CT protein
Forms collagen and reticular fibers
Flexible and high tensile strength 
Produced by fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts
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5
Q

What is the collagen structure?

A

Triple helix–>collagen
Polymerized collagen with banding not visible in light microscope—>collagen fibrils
fibrils—>collagen and reticular fibers visible in light microscope
Fibers—> collagen bundles (only type I)

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of type I collagen?

A

Found in skin, tendon, ligaments, fascia, bone

Banded fibrils–>fibers–>bundles

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of type II?

A

Found only in cartilage as a structural support for the cartilage

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of type 3 collagen?

A

banded fibrils–>reticular fibers

Found in loose CT, Blood vessels, Bone marrow, lymphoid tissue, smooth muscle, nerves, lung

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9
Q

what are the characteristics of type 4 collagen?

A

Sheet like meshwork—>layers

Principal component of basal laminae

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of the elastic fibers?

A

Allow stretch and distention
Composed of elastin and fibrillin
Thin, branching structure form a network

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of of elastin?

A

Randomly coiled with hydrophobic domains
Cross links
Allows stretching

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of fibrillin?

A

Glycoprotein
Fine microfibrils
Organizes elastin into elastic fibers
Mutation in fibrillin gene causes Marfan syndrome (congenital disease) presented with cardiovascular, ocular and skeletal defects

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of GAGs?

A

Polysaccharide chains
High negative charge
Strongly hydrophilic and form a gel which resists compression and allows quick diffusion
2 major types:sulfated and not sulfated (hyaluronic acid)

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of the proteoglycans?

A

Protein core structure with GAG bristles
Bind to hyaluronic acid and form giant aggregates
Highly hydrophilic gives gel state of ECM and resist compression

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of multiadhesive glycoproteins?

A

2 types:
Fibronectin which is a dimer glycoprotein that can bind to collagen1,2,3 and integrin, GAGs and fibrin
Laminin which can bind to collagen type 4 and integrins

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16
Q

What are the components of the CT cells?

A

Resident cells composed of fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages and mast cells
Transient cells composed of immune system cells such as plasma cells and ;leukocytes

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of the fibroblasts?

A

Principal CT cell

Produce all the components of the ECM (fibers, ground substance)

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18
Q

What are the types of fibroblasts?

A

Active-Large euchromatic nucleus, branching processes, found in loose CT
Inactive (fibrocytes)-Found in dense CT
Myofibroblasts-help in wound healing
Mesenchymal cells-Embryonic tissue, pluripotent and can differentiate into other CT cells

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of adipocytes?

A

A bit similar to fibroblasts
Can switch Bach to fibroblasts as in the cases of cirrhosis of the liver
2 types: unilocular and multilocular

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of unilocular adipocytes?

A 
White adipose tissue
Single large lipid droplet
Flattened nucleus
Thin rim of cytoplasm
Involved in storage of energy
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21
Q

What are the characteristics of multilocular adipocytes?

A

Brown adipose tissue
Multiple lipid droplets
Rounded nucleus
Involved in heat generation

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of macrophages?

A

Derived from blood monocytes which migrate and form macrophages
Have a kidney shape nucleus

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23
Q

What are the functions of the macrophages ?

A

Phagocytosis of bacteria and senescent cells
Present antigens(APC)
Produce cytokines

24
Q

What is the process of APC for macrophages?

A

The macrophages possess MHC II which can attach to small molecules of proteins resulting form breaking down bacteria.
The T cells (CD4+) can bind to the MHCII- protein complex and activate the pathways for immune defense

25
Q

What are the other mononuclear phagocytic system cells?

A 
Histiocytes-CT
Alveolar macrophages-Lung
Kupffer cells-Liver
Osteoclasts-Bone
Langerhans cell-Skin
Dendritic cell-Lymph nodes
Miroglial cells-CNS
26
Q

What are the characteristics of mast cells?

A

Large oval cell with rounded nucleus from bone marrow
Contain large granules in cytoplasm
Granules contain granules, heparin and chondroitin sulfate and chemotactic mediators
IgE receptors
Common in skin and mucous membranes
Similar to basophils

27
Q

What is the process off allergic response with mast cells?

A

The first exposure to allergen does not cause any reaction.
Plasma cells make IgE specific for the allergen
Mast cells bind to allergen through their receptors
In subsequent exposure the antigens want to bind to antibodies but antibodies bound to cells
aggregation causes cross link of receptors and degranulation

28
Q

What are the effects of degranulation

A

Release of histamine
Chemotactic mediator attract (eosinophils, neutrophils)
Hypersensitivity reaction (anaphylactic shock)

29
Q

What are the effects of histamine release?

A

Vasodilation which can cause rapid drop in BP
Increased vascular permeability (Edema)
Bronchoconstriction
Increase mucus production

30
Q

What are the characteristics of plasma cells?

A 
From B lymphocytes
Produce immunoglobulins
Abundant RER and Golgi
Clock face chromatin pattern
Little mobility
31
Q

What the types of CT?

A 
Embryonic CT( mesenchyme, mucous)
CT proper(loose, dense)
Specialized CT (adipose, reticular, blood, bone cartilage)
32
Q

What are the characteristics of mesenchyme?

A

Embryological
3D network
Few fibers

33
Q

What are the characteristics of mucous CT?

A

Umbilical cord
Lots of hyaluronan
No collagen
Wharton’ jelly

34
Q

What are the characteristics of loose (areolar) CT?

A

Few collagen fibers
No bundles of collagen
Abundant ground substance
Highly cellular

35
Q

Where is loose CT found?

A

Lamina propria

Surrounds peripheral nerves, blood vessels,excretory ducts

36
Q

What are the characteristics of dense CT?

A 
More fibrous, bundles of collagen present
Fewer cells 
2 types: 
Irregular-fibers not arranged
Regular- Fibers arranged
37
Q

What are the characteristics of dense irregular CT?

A

Collagen fibers in different directions
Elastic fibers
Little ground substance
Fibroblasts
Few transient cells
Designed to resist stress from all directions
Located in dermis, capsules of internal organs

38
Q

What are the characteristics of dense regular CT?

A 
Collagen fibers/bundles go in the same direction
Inactive fibroblasts
Nuclei compressed
Little cytoplasm
Design to resist stress in one direction
Located in tendon, ligament, aponévroses
39
Q

What are the characteristics of adipose tissue?

A

Function as intracellular storage of fat

2 types ; white and brown

40
Q

What are the characteristics of reticular tissue?

A

Meshwork

Contain collagen type 3, thin and branching threads

41
Q

What are the characteristics of blood?

A

Composed of Plasma and formed elements
Functioned in transport, regulation
Clot if exposed to air

42
Q

What are the characteristics of plasma ?

A

90% water and inorganic components

Proteins (albumin, globulins, clotting factors)

43
Q

What are the formed elements of blood?

A

Cells: RBC, WBC

Particles-Platelets

44
Q

What are the characteristics of RBC?

A 
Anucleated
8 microns diameter
Biconcave disk
No organelles 
Transport oxygen 
Hémoglobines
45
Q

What are the characteristics of WBC?

A

Less numerous than RBC
Increase with infection (>12,000)-leukocytosis
Decrease (<5000)-Leucopenia
Use blood as transport system

46
Q

What are the types of leukocytes?

A

Granulated-Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

Non granulated- lymphocytes, monocytes

47
Q

What are the characteristics of neutrophils?

A

Most common WBC
Multilobed nucleus (PMN)
Granules-bactericidal proteins

48
Q

What are the functions of the neutrophils ?

A

Selective bacteria phagocytosis
Kamikaze cells
Form the pus
Produce IL-1

49
Q

What are the characteristics of eosinophils?

A

2-4% of all WBC
Bilobed nucleus
Granules contains cytotoxins
Most common during parasitic infestations and allergic reaction

50
Q

What are the characteristics of basophils?

A

Rarest WBC
Lobed nucleus
Basophilic granules contain heparin and histamine
Produce histamine similar to mast cells

51
Q

What are the characteristics of lymphocytes?

A

20-30% of WBC
Heterochromatic nucleus is large and spherical
Tiny rim of cytoplasm
No granules
Circulate through blood and internal organs

52
Q

What are the types of lymphocytes?

A

T-lymphocytes (80%)
B-lymphocytes (15%)
Natural killer cells (5%)

53
Q

What are the characteristics of T lymphocytes?

A

Arise from bone marrow and migrate and mature into thymus
Recep[tors on their surface
Produce cytokines
Direct and recruit cells

54
Q

What are the characteristics of B lymphocytes?

A 
Arise from bone marrow 
Reside inlymphoid tissues
Possess surface immunoglobulin
Proliferate into plasma cells
Produce antibodies
55
Q

What are the characteristics of natural killer cells?

A

Programmed during development top kill certain virus infected cells
Tumor cells
Affect transplant organs

56
Q

What are the characteristics of monocytes?

A

2-6% WBC
Bean shape nucleus
Cytoplasm contain lysosomes
Precursors for phagocytic cells

57
Q

What are the characteristics of platelets?

A

Have a lifespan of 8-10 days
Discoid biconvexe particles
Have dense granules with made of adhesion factors such as serotonin, ADP
Have alpha granules with adhesion factors and clotting factors
Contain lysosomes

Histology (7 decks)

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