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Histology > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

1
Q

What are the properties of the skin?

A 
Largest organ;15-20% of the body mass
Functions as:
barrier (protection)
sensation 
thermoregulation
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2
Q

What are the major components of the skin?

A

Epidermis and its derivatives (stratified epithelium)
Dermis (CT)
Hypodermics (adipose tissue)

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of epidermis?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium
Principal cell=keratinocytes
Cell maturation characterized by accumulation of keratin and apoptosis
Possess 5 layers: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidement, stratum cornemuse

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of the stratum basale?

A 
Basal most layer
Single layer of cells
Columnar/cuboidal cells
Mitotic ally active cells
Rest on the basement membrane 
Held by hemidesmosomes
Autoimmune reaction causes blistering-Bullous pemphigoid
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5
Q

What are the characteristics of type stratum spinosum?

A

Several cell layers
Rounded cells
Desmosomes-spines

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of stratum granulosum?

A

Squamous cells

Keratohyalin granules

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of stratum lucidum?

A

Only in thick skin
Dead cells
Stain lightly with H&E

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of stratum corneum?

A

Most differentiated cells
Cells filled with keratin
Spaces between cells filled with lipid and impermeable for water
Stain dark with H&E

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9
Q

What are the cells of the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes-predominant type, keratin production, water barrier formation
Melanocytes-Neural crest derived, produce melanin
Langerhans cell-APC
Merkel’s cell- Sensory cells

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10
Q

What is the keratinocytes cell structure?

A

Desmosomes
Intermediate filaments (keratin)
Keratohyalin granules-Filaggrin and trichohyalin, promote conversion(keratin filaments–>fibrils)
Lamellar bodies- membrane bound vesicles, mixture of lipids, epidermal water barrier

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11
Q

What are the keratinocytes tumors?

A

Squamous cells carcinoma-from stratum spinosum, HPV
Basal cell carcinoma-Most common skin cancer
Treatment: surgery (95% cure rate)

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of melanocytes?

A

Neural crest derived
No desmosomes
Dendritic cell
Association with keratinocytes
Produce and secrete melanin which protects against UV
Melanosomes-melanin granules, phagocytosis by keratinocytes

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13
Q

What are the melanocytes tumors?

A

Malignant melanoma-derived from melanocytes
Asymmetrical
Border irregular
Color variation

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14
Q

What are the phases of melanoma?

A 
Radial growth phase:
Tumor grows in all direction
Bright pigmentation
Vertical growth phase:
Tumor grows toward dermis
Little pigmentation 
Reaches lymphatic vessels
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15
Q

What are the characteristics of Langerhans’ cells?

A

Monocyte derived
No desmosomes
APC-alerts T-cells, generate immune response
Indented nucleus
Birbeck granules-endosomes, racquet shaped

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of Merkel’s cells?

A

Modified epidermal cells
Desmosomes
Found in stratum basale
Most abundant-acute sensory perception
Have synaptic contacts with sensory axons
Dense-core granules-neurotransmitter
Merkel’s cell carcinoma-rare, agressive and polyomavirus

17
Q

What is the function of the demo-epidermal junction?

A

Increased surface
Epidermis-Rete ridges
Dermis-Dermal papillae

18
Q

What are the layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary layer: thin, loose CT

Reticular layer: thick, dense irregular CT

19
Q

What are the component of the hypodermics?

A

Adipose tissue-insulation
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle

20
Q

What is the vasculature of the dermis?

A

Capillary loops in the papillary layer
Superficial vascular plexus: between papillary and reticular layer
Deep vascular plexus: between dermis and hypodermics
Lymphatics-capillaries

21
Q

What are the types of skin?

A

Thick-palms, feet, hairless

Thin- Most of the body, contains hair follicles

22
Q

What are the epidermal appendages?

A

Pilosebaceous apparatus- hair follicle, hair and sebaceous gland
Sweat glands- Eccrine, apocrine

23
Q

What are the characteristics of hair follicle and hair?

A

Hair follicle-invagination of the epithelium
Hair: root- located within the follicle, shaft- projects above the epidermis
Hair layers are medulla, cortex and cuticle

24
Q

What is the musculature and innervation of the hair follicle and hair?

A

Arrector pili muscle-smooth muscle
Contraction erects the hair and produces goose bumps
Innervated by sympathetic nervous system

25
Q

What are the characteristics of sebaceous glands?

A

Outgrowths of the follicular wall
Secrete sebum-coats hair, skin surface
Holocrine secretion
Opens into hair follicle.

26
Q

What is Acne vulgaris?

A 
Condition associated with sebaceous glands
Plugged up follicles 
Inflammatory
Most common in adolescence
Stimulated by testosterone
27
Q

What are the characteristics of the eccrine sweat glands?

A 
Simple coiled tubular glands
Possess a secretory part made of:
Clear cells-watery component
Dark cells-proteinacous component , merocrine secretion
Myopeithelial cells-contraction
The duct is a stratified cuboidal
28
Q

What are the characteristics of apocrine sweat glands?

A

Simple coiled tubular glands
Possess a secretory part which has:
Dilated part-product stored in the lumen
Single cell type-Pheromones, merocrine secretion
Duct is a stratified cuboidal and opens into the hair follicle
Their development is stimulated by steroid hormones

29
Q

What are the characteristics of the mammary gland?

A

Modified apocrine sweat gland
Contains:
Lobules-collection of glands, branched tubuloalveolar
Lactiferous sinus-dilated portion, stratified cuboidal
Lactiferous duct-Opens at the nipple,stratified squamous epithelium

30
Q

What are the characteristics of inactive mammary gland?

A

No secretory end-pieces
Lobules-intralobular ducts,loose CT
Interlobular ducts-stratified cuboidal epithelium, dense irregular CT (extensive)

31
Q

What are the characteristics of active mammary gland?

A

Secretory end pieces-branched tubuloalveolar glands
Loose CT
Lobules
Lactating
Milk secretion- merocrine (proteins), apocrine (lipids)
Milk production is controlled by prolactin
Milk ejection is controlled by oxytocin

Histology (7 decks)

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