Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology > Block 1 - Cytology > Flashcards

Block 1 - Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the nuclear envelope?

A

Outer nuclear membrane
Perinuclear space
Inner nuclear membrane
Nuclear lamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the perinuclear space continuous with?

A

The lumen of the RER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Are there ribosomes on the outer nuclear membrane?

A

Yes, this closely resembles the RER membrane and is continuous with it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Is the inner nuclear membrane continuous with the ER?

A

No, it is distinct.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is able to bind to the inner nuclear membrane?

A

Chromatin and lamins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What supports the inner nuclear membrane?

A

Rigid network of intermediate filaments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the nuclear lamina?

A

Thin, dense protein layer continuous with the inner nuclear membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the skeleton of the the nucleus made out of?

A

Lamins (intermediate filament). Cross-linked into an orthogonal lattice (lettuce)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where is ribosomal RNA processed?

A

Nucleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In the nucleolus, what contains DNA loops with rRNA genes?

A

Fibrillar Centers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the dense fibrillar component?

A

In the nucleolus, it contains ribosomal genes that are being translated as well as large amounts of rRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the granular component?

A

It is the site for ribosomal assembly and is made of densely packed clusters of pre-ribosomal particles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are three major types of filaments in the cytoskeleton?

A

Actin, microtubles, and intermediate filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are actin’s three most important roles in the cytoskeleton?

A

Cell movement, shape, and organelle transport.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is G-actin?

A

Soluble globular protein that can be polymerized into F-actin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is F-actin?

A

Thin filaments, a double stranded helix made out of polymerized head-to-tail g-actin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are two thin filaments?

A

Actin and myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the cortex of a cell?

A

cross-lined actin filaments in a thin sheath beneath cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What three things to cross-lined actin filaments (cortex) do?

A

Resist cell deformation
Transmit forces
Restrict organelle movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does actin interact with myosin (motor)?

A

Generates force and movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which are the only cells that do not contain microtubules in their cytoskeleton?

A

Erythrocytes (RBC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the three vital functions of microtubules?

A

Organelle and vesicle movement
Mitotic Spindle/chromosome movement
Beating of cilia and flagella

23
Q

What is the structure of microtubules?

A

Two polymerized globular proteins, alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin

24
Q

Describe the two ends of a microtubule

A

Plus end, grows faster, toward periphery

Minus end, grows slower, towards nucleus

25
Q

Which way do dyneins move?

A

Towards the minus end, in towards nucleus

26
Q

Which way to kinesins move?

A

Toward the plus end, out towards periphery

27
Q

What are 4 high order stuctures of microtubules?

A

Cilia, flagella, centrioles, and microtubule-organizing centers

28
Q

What is in the core of cilia and flagella?

A

Axoneme

29
Q

Describe the composition and function of an axoneme

A

9 doublet pairs of microtubules on outside
1 central pair
Dynein arms attach tubules of one pair to the next, causing a walking motion

30
Q

What is at the base of cilia/flagella?

A

A centriole (aka basal body) consisting of 9 doublets, no central pair

31
Q

What two cell types do not contain a microtubule-organizing center (MTOC)?

A

Erythrocytes and neurons

32
Q

Where do virtually all cellular microtubules come from?

A

Microtubule-organizing center

33
Q

What type of filament is between thickness of actin filaments and microtubules?

A

Intermediate filaments

34
Q

What are the 6 classes of intermediate filaments and where are they found?

A 
Lamins - Inside nuclear envelope (..)
Keratins - epithelial tissue
Vimentin - connective tissue
Desmin - muscle cells
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (glial cells) - support cells of nervous system
Neurofilaments - neurons
35
Q

What are the 4 main purposes of cytoplasmic intermediate filaments?

A

Spread tensile forces
Maintain cell structure
Act as a cocoon when cell is damaged
Anchor ion channel proteins

36
Q

What is the standard color of most tissue?

A

Colorless

37
Q

What is hematoxylin?

A

A basic dye that stains acid structures blue

38
Q

What is eosin?

A

An acid dye that stains basic structures pink

39
Q

What are the similarities and differences of integral and transmembrane proteins?

A

All transmembrane proteins are integral membrane proteins, but not all integral proteins are transmembrane proteins.

Both have hydrophobic parts that anchor in the center of the plasma membrane, but transmembrane go all the way through.

40
Q

Where do peripheral proteins attach?

A

To integral proteins or hydrophillic heads of membrane lipids

41
Q

What are three classes of functional membrane proteins?

A

Transport, receptor, and structural

42
Q

What is glycocalyx?

A

The fuzzy coating on external surface of many cells due to large amounts of carbohydrates attached to proteins and lipids on cell surface

43
Q

What are particles and inclusions used for? What are two main types?

A

Synthesis and storage

Ribosomes and gylcoproteins

44
Q

What are 3 ways ribosomes exist in cells?

A

In mirtochondria, in RER, or free

45
Q

Where do proteins synthesized in the RER go?

A

Golgi, lysosome, secretory granules, and plasma membrane

46
Q

Most proteins are synthesized on what type of ribosome?

A

Free ribosomes

47
Q

What is a polysome?

A

During ribosome synthesis, string of ribosomes attached to mRNA

48
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the SER?

A

Lipid and steroid synthesis
Detoxification
Glycologen Metabolism
Ca++ storage (only in sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells)

49
Q

What are 2 main functions of the golgi?

A

Modifications of proteins

Sorting and packing

50
Q

What is the principal signal that directs proteins from trans golgi to the lysosome?

A

Mannose-6-phosphate

51
Q

What disease is caused when mannose-6-phosphate is mutated? What happens to the proteins?

A

I-Cell. Proteins intended for lysosomes are secreted into the intercellular space

52
Q

What do peroxisomes contain? What is their purpose?

A 
Oxidative enzymes (catalase)
Oxidize/break down long chain fatty acids
53
Q

What is Zellweger syndrome?

A

Mutations in proteins used for transporting enzymes to peroxisomes.
Affects brain development through improper formation of mylein sheath.
No cure. Patients die before 6 months of age.

54
Q

What is adrenoleukodystrophy?

A

Disruption in fatty acid oxidation caused build up of fatty acids in brain and eventual death. X-linked

Histology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions