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Histology > Block 3 - Integumentary System > Flashcards

Block 3 - Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 functions of the skin?

A

Protection, sensation, thermoregulation, and immune response

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2
Q

Which layer of the skin is derived from ectoderm?

A

Epidermis

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3
Q

Which layer of the skin is derived from mesoderm?

A

Dermis

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4
Q

Where can you find the blood vessels and nerves in the skin?

A

Dermis

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5
Q

Which layer of the skin is the primary provider of insulation?

A

Hypodermis

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6
Q

What type of cells are found in the epidermis?

A

Keratinized squamous epithelium

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7
Q

What are the 4 distinct layers of all epidermal tissue from deep to superficial?

A

Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Corneum

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8
Q

What is the optional 5th layer of epidermal tissue? Where is it found?

A

Stratum Lucidum, thick skin

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9
Q

What types of cells are found in the stratum basale? How are they connected to the basement membrane? What can go wrong?

A

Single layer of cuboidal cells
Hemidesmosomes
Autoimmunie reactions to hemidesmosomes cause pemphigus

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10
Q

What is a classic characteristic of the stratum spinosum, seen under a light microscope?

A

Desmosomes “spines”

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11
Q

Why is the stratum basale lightly colored with staining?

A

Mitotically active nucleus

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12
Q

Why does the stratum granulosum earn its name?

A

Cells in this layer are filled with keratohyalin granules

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13
Q

Between what two layers to cells change from spherical to flattened in the epidermis?

A

Between stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum?

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14
Q

In regular epithelium, what layer is characterized by cells without nuclei or organelles and rather are filled with keratin filaments?

A

Stratum corneum

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15
Q

What are the 4 major types of cells found in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocyte, Melanocyte, Langerhans’ cells, and Merkel cells

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16
Q

What are the two main functions of keratinoctyes?

A

Production of keratin and formation of water barrier

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17
Q

What two proteins promote aggregation of keratin filaments? What non-membrane surrounded structure are they found in? In which layer?

A

Filaggrin and trichohyalin
Keratohyalin granules
Stratum grnaulosum

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18
Q

How is the water barrier of the skin formed?

A

By lamellar bodies, containing lipids that are secreted outside the cell via exocytosis

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19
Q

What are two types of tumors derived from keratinocytes? From which layer?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma - stratum spinosum

Basal cell carcinome - stratum basale

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20
Q

What are melanocytes derived from? What layer are they found in?

A

Neural crest cells

Stratum basale

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21
Q

How do keratinocytes interact with melanocytes?

A

Phagocytose melanocyte cellular processes to incorporate melanin into their cytoplasm

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22
Q

What type of cancer is derived fom melanocytes? Do they grow slowly or quickly? When they metastasize, where do they go?

A

Malignant melanoma

Quickly, penetrating deep dermis, eventually to lymphatic vessels

23
Q

What cells are part of the mononuclear phagocytic system in the epidermis?

A

Langerhans’ cells

24
Q

Where do Langerhans’ cells migrate after accumulating antigens?

A

Via lymphatic vessels to lymph nodes

25
Q

Which two cells types are not bound to keratinocytes by desmosomes?

A

Melanocytes and langerhans’ cells

26
Q

Which cells connect sensory input to the nervous system in the epidermis?

A

Merkel cells

27
Q

What layer can Merkel cells be found in? How are they connected to kertinocytes?

A

Stratum basale

Desmosomes

28
Q

What type of cancel is fatal in 1/3 of patients?

A

Merkel’s cell carcinoma

29
Q

What is the dermis composed of?

A

Connective Tissue

30
Q

Describe the difference between Rete ridges and dermal papillae?

A

Rete ridges are epidermal tissue projections into the dermis

Dermal papillae are dermal tissue projections into the epidermis

31
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis? Which is most superficial? What are each composed of?

A

Papillary layer - superficial, loose CT

Reticular layer - deep, dense CT

32
Q

What plexus supplies capillary loops?

A

Superficial vascular plexus

33
Q

Where is the deep vascular plexus found?

A

Cutaneous/subcutaneous junction

34
Q

What two structures are usually found in dermal papillae?

A

Lymphatic capillaries and capillary loops

35
Q

What are the 4 primary components of the hypodermis? What two purposes does this layer provide?

A 
Adipose tissue
Loose CT
Smooth muscle
Striated muscle (sometimes)
Energy storage and insulation
36
Q

What parts comprise the pilosebaceous apparatus?

A

Hair follicles
Hair
Sebaceous glands

37
Q

What are the two responsibilities of the hair follicle?

A

Production and growth of the hair

38
Q

What cells is hair made out of? What are the parts of hair?

A 
Keratinized cells
Root - in follicle
Shaft - above epidermis
Medulla - inner most layer of hair
Cortex - live cells accumulating keratin
Cuticle - dead squamous cells
39
Q

What do sebaceous grow out from? What type of secretion?

A

Follicular wall

Holocrine

40
Q

What are three cell stages for sebaceous glands?

A

Immature - adjacent to basal lamina
Maturing cells - abundant SER, accumulate lipid droplets
Mature cells - large, filled with large lipid droples, undergo apoptosis

41
Q

What does the arrector pili muscle do? What is it composed of?

A

Connects deep part of follicle to superficial dermis

Smooth muscle

42
Q

What is the main function of eccrine sweat glands? How?

A

Thermoregulation via production of sweat

43
Q

What type of epithelium lines eccrine sweat glands?

A

Stratified cuboidal

44
Q

What are the three cell layers in eccrine sweat glands? What does each do/have?

A

Clear cells - produce watery component of sweat
Dark cells - abundant RER and glycoprotein granules, secrete proteinaceous component of sweat via merocrine secretion
Myoepithelial cells - provide contractions to discharge sweat

45
Q

What is the major associative difference between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands?

A

Eccrine - not associated with hair follicle

Apocrine - associated with hair follicle

46
Q

What is a main component of apocrine sweat gland secretion?

A

Pheromones

47
Q

Where are apocrine glands found?

A

Lips, axilla, areola of breast, perineal regions

48
Q

What kind of gland are mammary glands?

A

Modified apocrine sweat glands

49
Q

What two hormones are involved with mammary glands? What does each do?

A

Prolactin - secretion

Oxytocin - ejection of milk (actual movement by myoepithelial cells)

50
Q

What is the organization of breast tissue?

A

Branched tuboloalveolar gland –> lactiferous sinuses –> lactiferous ducts

51
Q

What type(s) of secretion are involved with the production of milk? What is secreted by each?

A

Merocrine - proteinaceous component of milk

Apocrine - fatty lipid component

52
Q

What are the visual differences between myoepithelial cells and fibroblasts?

A

Myoepithelial located in the basement membrane of secretory ducts
Fibroblasts just outside of the duct

53
Q

Which two glands secrete into a hair follicle? Which one secrets directly to the skin?

A

Apocrine and sebaceous

Eccrine

Histology (6 decks)

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