Chapter 12

Question 1

Specialized police services for juveniles is a …phenomenon

Answer 1

recent

Question 2

(Historical) Pledge system:

Answer 2

Neighbors protect each other

Question 3

(Historical) Watch system:

Answer 3

Created to police larger communities

Question 4

(Historical) Bobbies:

Answer 4

First organized police force in London, in 1829

Question 5

(Historical) Sheriff:

Answer 5

In the American colonies

Question 6

Historical development of working with juveniles

Answer 6

Delinquency control squads
Law Enforcement Assistance Administration
Juvenile police officer

Question 7

Primary responsibility of police:

Answer 7

protection of the public

Question 8

…teens rated the police less favorably than all other racial groups

Answer 8

African American

Question 9

Juveniles with…police contact hold…favorable attitudes toward police

Answer 9

prior; less

Question 10

Juvenile crime victims are much..likely than adult victims to contact the police

Answer 10

less

Question 11

The true role of juvenile officer exists somewhere between…and…

Answer 11

law enforcer; delinquency prevention worker

Question 12

Juveniles account for…of all violent crime arrests

Answer 12

11%

Question 13

Violent crime includes

Answer 13

homicide, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, and kidnapping

Question 14

Police experiment with various methods of violent juvenile crime control:

Answer 14

Directed patrols of hot spots
Proactive arrests of serious offenders
Problem oriented policing: addressing the problems underlying incidents of juvenile delinquency rather than the incidents alone

Question 15

Improving community connections is essential to combating

Answer 15

violent juvenile crime

Question 16

Arrest of juveniles requires:

Answer 16

probable cause

Question 17

The main difference between arrests of adults and juveniles is the

Answer 17

broader latitude police have to control youthful behavior

Question 18

In loco parentis

Answer 18

“In place of the parent”, serves as basis for taking juveniles into custody

Question 19

Search and seizure:

Answer 19

Most courts have held that the 4th amendment ban applies to juveniles and that illegally seized evidence is inadmissible in a juvenile trial

Question 20

Arizona v. Gant (2009)

Answer 20

A person may be searched after a legal arrest, but only in the immediate area of the suspect’s control

Question 21

Miranda v. Arizona (1966, custodial interrogation):

Answer 21

The right to remain silent
Any statement they make can be used against the juvenile
The right to counsel
If the defendant cannot afford counsel, it will be furnished at the public expense Miranda rights apply to children taken into custody

Question 22

In re Gault (1967, custodial interrogation)

Answer 22

Stated that constitutional privileges against self-incrimination are applicable in juvenile cases too
Most court hold that parents or attorneys need not be present for children to effectively waive their rights
The general rule is that juveniles can waive their right to protection from self-incrimination, but the validity of this waiver is determined case by case

Question 23

Fare v. Michael C. and California v. Prysock

Answer 23

Clarifies children’s rights when they are interrogated by the police

Question 24

Juveniles enjoy…procedural protections as adults

Answer 24

nearly identical

Question 25

Factors affecting police discretion: | Formal action:

Answer 25

``` Fair and just manner The seriousness of the crime The situation in which it occurred Legal record of the juvenile Will likely occur if the crime is serious and has been reported by a victim who is a respected member of the community, and if the offender is well known to them ```

Question 26

Environmental factors of police discretion:

Answer 26

Norms of the community | Community alternatives to police intervention

Question 27

Police policy (police discretion):

Answer 27

Directives Voter satisfaction Pressure from supervisors

Question 28

Procedural justice:

Answer 28

An evaluation of the fairness of the manner in which an offender’s or another group’s problem or dispute was handled by police

Question 29

Situational factors of police discretion:

Answer 29

The attitudes of the complainant and offender The type and seriousness of the offense The race, sex, and age of the offender The offender’s prior contacts with the police The perceived willingness of the parents to assist in solving the problem (in the case of a child) The setting or location in which the incident occurs Whether the offender denies the actions or insists on a court hearing (in the case of a child) The likelihood that a child can be served by an agency in the community

Question 30

Racial bias shown to be present in system, especially for...youth

Answer 30

African American

Question 31

"Driving While Black"

Answer 31

term that has been coined to refer to the repeated findings of many studies that African American drivers are disproportionately stopped by police and that race is the primary reason for this practice.Footnote

Question 32

...suggests gender bias in favor of young girls is present in the system

Answer 32

Chivalry hypothesis

Question 33

Others believe that police are more likely to arrest...offenders because their actions violate officers’ stereotypes of the...

Answer 33

female

Question 34

Stereotypes of...often result in biased police discretion and actions when crimes occur in these areas

Answer 34

lower class neighborhoods

Question 35

Aggressive law enforcement

Answer 35

Prevention including saturation patrols, targeting gang members, arresting gang members for any violations

Question 36

Police in schools

Answer 36

School resource officers, GREAT, DARE, Community Outreach through Police in Schools

Question 37

Community policing

Answer 37

Several initiatives: encourage officers to get out of their cars and do foot or bicycle patrols

Question 38

Problem-oriented policing

Answer 38

Involves systematic analysis and response to problems underlying criminal behavior; SARA

Question 39

There are many problems associated with addressing juvenile offenders:

Answer 39

Witness intimidation Racial profiling Poor relations with communities

Question 40

Future strategies of addressing juvenile offenders include:

Answer 40

Use of “soft” technologies such as IT systems Using various forms of surveillance technology such as closed-circuit television (CCTV) Community-based policing services, police in schools, problem-oriented policing

Question 41

Juveniles account for what percent of all violent crime arrests?

Answer 41

11 percent

Question 42

Which of the following is the legal standard that allows the police to make an arrest for felonies they did not witness?

Answer 42

Probable cause

Question 43

...teens are more likely than...teens to be arrested for status offenses.

Answer 43

female; male

Question 44

What U.S. Supreme Court case made the Miranda warning applicable to juveniles taken into custody?

Answer 44

in re Gault

Question 45

Which system of policing was created in larger communities in which men were organized in church parishes to patrol areas at night and guard against disturbances and breaches of the peace?

Answer 45

watch system

Question 46

The most famous police reformer of the 1930s was _____.

Answer 46

August Vollmer

Question 47

Which agency was set up to fund justice-related programs, thus developing hundreds of new police programs and services for children?

Answer 47

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

Question 48

Which movement partnered police with concerned citizens in order to maintain order?

Answer 48

community policing

Question 49

The conflicts that arise from the desire to perform what police consider their primary duty, law enforcement, and the need to aid in the rehabilitation of youthful offenders is known as _____.

Answer 49

role conflict

Question 50

What percent of all juvenile arrests are handled informally?

Answer 50

23 percent

Question 51

_____ of African American youths believe that police are honest compared to _____ of European Americans.

Answer 51

Fifteen percent; 57 percent

Question 52

Juveniles account for _____ of all violent crime arrests.

Answer 52

11 percent

Question 53

What is required in order for police to have a legal basis to make an arrest?

Answer 53

probable cause

Question 54

Which Constitutional Amendment gives the right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures?

Answer 54

Fourth Amendment

Question 55

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the police may search a vehicle incident to a recent occupant's arrest only if the arrestee is within reaching distance of the passenger compartment at the time of the search or it is reasonable to believe the vehicle contains evidence of the offense of arrest?

Answer 55

Arizona v. Gant

Question 56

In which case did the court rule that the question of a child's waiver of their rights is to be determined by the totality of the circumstances doctrine?

Answer 56

People v. Lara

Question 57

In which case did the court rule that Miranda stated in different words and out of context is adequate warning to a juvenile?

Answer 57

California v. Prysock

Question 58

Approximately what portion of all juvenile arrests are referred to juvenile court?

Answer 58

68 percent

Question 59

A study in St. Louis, Missouri revealed that an increased use of stop-and-frisks in inner cities has resulted in _____.

Answer 59

an erosion in procedural justice

Question 60

What percent of African American juveniles were arrested for forcible rape in 2013?

Answer 60

34 percent

Question 61

Which police program is school-based with the objective of immunizing against delinquency, youth violence, and gang membership?

Answer 61

G.R.E.A.T.

Question 62

The problem-oriented policing model known as SARA stands for _____.

Answer 62

Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Assessment

Question 63

Which police program aims to reduce youth homicide victimization and youth gun violence, especially in attempting to deter gang violence?

Answer 63

Operation Ceasefire

Question 64

An aggressive police tactic in which police patrol aggressively and target a specific pattern of delinquency is known as _____.

Answer 64

saturation patrol

Question 65

The first organized police force was established in _____ in 1829.

Answer 65

London

Question 66

Among African American, Asian, Hispanic, and Native American youth, who are most likely to view the police as dishonest?

Answer 66

African Americans

Question 67

In Fare v. Michael C., the Court ruled that a juvenile asking for a _____ is not equivalent to asking for an attorney.

Answer 67

probation officer

Question 68

Which perspective holds that police are likely to act paternally toward young girls and not arrest them?

Answer 68

chivalry hypothesis

Question 69

Which policing approach encourages police officers to get out of their patrol cars and spend more time out on the streets?

Answer 69

community policing