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Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Hominoid

A

Family that includes great apes and humans

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2
Q

Hominin

A

An ape that walks bipedal for an extended period of time

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3
Q

Primate

A

Mammal with hands, forward facing eyes and hand like feet

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4
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

A speciation in which biological populations are physically isolated and evolve such that if the isolation barrier breaks down they can longer interbreed

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5
Q

DNA Hybridisation

A

Molecular biology technique measuring degree of genetic similarity between pools of DNA sequences. Usually used to determine genetic distance between two organisms.

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6
Q

Variation

A

Genetic differences

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7
Q

Mutations

A

Occurs when gene is damaged or changed altering the genetic message

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8
Q

Molecular Clock

A

Technique uses mutation rate of biomolecules to deduce time in history when life forms diverged

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9
Q

Divergent Evolution

A

Process by which species evolve into two or more descendants

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10
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Non related organisms independently evolve similar traits

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11
Q

Phylogenetic trees

A

Branching diagram showing inferred relationships between various species

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12
Q

Cultural evolution

A

Idea human cultural change can be described in a Darwinistic manner

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13
Q

Biological Evolution

A

Change in heritable characteristics over successive generations in a population

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14
Q

Technological Evolution

A

Radical transformation of society through technological development

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15
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Measured Value

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16
Q

Independent Variable

A

Variable changed or controlled

17
Q

Natural Selection

A

Theory that organisms best adapted to survive pass on traits

18
Q

Human evolution

A

Lengthy process of change from ape like ancestors to modern man

19
Q

Out of Africa hypothesis

A

Theory that every living human is descended from a small group of homosapiens in Africa.

20
Q

Founder Population

A

Loss of genetic variation occurring when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population.

21
Q

Gene Flow

A

Exchange of genes between two separate populations

22
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Variation in a gene pool due to factors of random chance.

23
Q

Selection pressure

A

Agent causing genetic change.

24
Q

Fossilisation

A

Conversion to a fossil

25
Q

Molecular Homology

A

Similar characteristics in organism caused by shared ancestry.

26
Q

Species of Lucy

A

Australopithecus

27
Q

Conditions of fossilisation

A 
Amber
Ice
Tar
Sediment 
Landslide
28
Q

Evidence of evolution

A

Anatomy- shared features of a common ancestor (homologous structure)
Molecular Biology- DNA comparisons can show species are related.
Biogeography- global distribution of organisms reflect evolution and geological change.
Fossils- Document extinct ancestors of modern day species.
Direct Observations- can be examined on the small scale in organisms with a short life cycle.

29
Q

Homologous Structures

A

Formed in similar ways during embryonic development and share similar arrangement but different forms and function

30
Q

Analogous Structure

A

Unrelated animals have organs with similar function yet very different structures and form and are not from the same embryo logical tissues

31
Q

Microevolution

A

Evolution in a small group of organisms over a short period

32
Q

Difference in home sapian and Australopithecus skull

A

Homo sapien Cranial size bigger, jaw thickness smaller, very little brow ridge, zygomatic arch (cheek bone) bigger, less grindy teeth, foramen magnum (hole in skulk where spine joins) in center of skull because stands more upright,

33
Q

Difference between homo sapien and Australopithecus pelvis

A

Homo and Australopithecus knees bend inwards for body to rest on top of.
Bigger space for baby to pass through for bigger cranium of infant.

34
Q

More differences between homonoids and hominims

A

Chimp lack heel.

35
Q

How many copies of a single piece of DNA are made after each cycle of PCR

A

It doubles each time

Biology (8 decks)

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