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231 Exam 2 > First Intervention > Flashcards

First Intervention Flashcards

1
Q

What is behaviour, generally and technically, 3 synonyms?

A

Any muscular, glandular, or electrical activity of an organism OR
Any action said or done
Synonyms: activity, action, response, reaction

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2
Q

Distinguish btw bhvr and products of bhvr with example

A

Products of bhvr are distal consequences pf the action (bhvr). Example would be winning a competition (product) after months of practicing (bhvr).

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3
Q

Distinguish btw overt and covert bhvrs, 2 examples of each?

A

Overt: Jumping, singing
Covert: Thinking about what I forgot at home, imaging how good my tea will be

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4
Q

What are cognitive bhvrs, 2 examples?

A

Covert bhvrs, thinking and feeling. Thinking about cheeseburgers, feeling happy while eating cheeseburger.

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5
Q

Describe dimensions of behaviour with examples?

A

Duration: How long I laid on the couch
Frequency: how often I laid on the couch in 24 hours
Intensity: How much effort I used to lay on the couch

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6
Q

Wolpes contribution to early behavioural therapy?

A

1950, Psychiatrist, built on work of Cover-Jones (fear de-conditioning in infants) developed phobia tx. In US used approach to tx anxiety disorders.

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7
Q

Describe Skinner’s contribution to early bhvr mod?

A

Empirically demonstrated effect of operant conditioning on learning. Term bhvr mod first used in papers describing tx based on Skinner’s work.

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8
Q

Four dimensions of ABA?

A

1) Focus on measurable bhvr that is socially significant
2) Strong emphasis on operant conditioning to dvlp tx strategies
3) Attempt to clearly demonstrate that ABA was responsible for improvement in measurable bhvr
4) Demonstration of long lasting and recognizable changes in bhvr

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9
Q

What did Aaron beck refer to with term cognitive therapy?

A

Therapy aimed at recognizing maladaptive thought patterns and addressing them in order to change target behaviours, originally used to treat px with depression.

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10
Q

How is AB analyst used in text?

A

Used to denote someone with formal training in ABA.

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11
Q

How is term bhvr therapist used in text?

A

Someone who has formal training in application of ABA or CBT for treating psych disorders

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12
Q

Bhvr modification for ASD, schizophrenia, depression, PDD, anxiety etc aimed at addressing?

A

Bhvrl deficits or excesses through environmental changes aimed to change target bhvrs.

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13
Q

Myths about Bhvr Mod?

A 
Rewards are bribes
Use of drugs/ ECT
Only changes symptoms
Not useful for complex problems
Doesn't involve empathy
Only deal with observable bhvrs
Deny genetics/ heredity in determining bhvrs
Obsolete
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14
Q

Subtopics of ethics?

A

Appropriate qualifications
Defining problem and selecting goals
Selecting treatment
Record keeping and evaluation

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15
Q

Guidelines to ensure most appropriate target bhvrs to mod?

A

Px is active in ID or impartial third party involved.

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16
Q

Key to ethical and effective tx?

A

Monitoring for possible side effects and ongoing evaluation.

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17
Q

Distinguish btw specific bhvr and summary label?

A

Summary label refers to psychological problem. Specific bhvrs are identifiable actions.

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18
Q

What does target bhvr mean?

A

Bhvr that needs to change bc it is detrimental to individual or society.

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19
Q

Bhvrl assessment definition?

A

Collection and analysis of information in order to ID bhvr, ID causes, select tx, and evaluate outcome.

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20
Q

Four phases of bhvr mod program?

A

Screening
Baseline
Treatment
Followup

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21
Q

Five fxns of intake?

A 
Determine if agency id a good fit
Inform client of policies/ procedures
Screen for crisis conditions
Gather info through interview/ psychometrics
Provide info about bhvr to be assessed
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22
Q

Two things that occur during assessment?

A

Assess level of target bhvr displayed

Assess enviro for controlling vars

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23
Q

What type of setting for each term: training program, intervention strategy, therapy program?

A

Education, community, clinical

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24
Q

Purpose of follow up?

A

Assess if modifications have endured across enviros and circumstances.

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25
Q

Pre req to design and implement bhvr mod program?

A

Assessment

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26
Q

Distinguish btw direct and indirect?

A

Indirect: methods monitor client, but can’t accurately measure bhvrs
Direct: accurately measures bhvrs

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27
Q

Two circumstances that are useful for indirect?

A

1) Bhvr does not occur outside selct environmental

2) Time constraints

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28
Q

Pros and cons of indirect and direct assessment?

A

Indirect:
Pro: Convenient, time effective, covert info gathering
Con: Miss relevant info, bias, may not be accurate

Direct:
Pro: Accuracy
Con: Time costly, special training, can’t measure covert

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29
Q

Five main indirect assessments

A

Interview, Questionnaire, Role playing, Client self monitor, Professional consults

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30
Q

Four types of questionnaires used in assessment?

A

Life history, Self report, Survey schedule, 3rd party bhvrl rating

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31
Q

Fxnl assessment definition?

A

Using info from baseline to analyze causes of bhvr

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32
Q

Reactivity definition

A

When ppl know they are being observed, their bhvr changes. Example: Child knows their swear words are being tallied, is aware and wants to keep tally low, so swears less.

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33
Q

Six reasons for collecting data?

A 
Appropriate therapist- client fit
Baseline extent/ prevalence of problem
ID causes of problem and tx strategy
ID if program affects change
Prompts and reinforcement
Reactivity
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34
Q

Error of Door Slam example?

A

Program would have been stopped too soon, when it was indeed effective.

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35
Q

Error of Pinching example?

A

Program would have been continued, when it was ineffective.

36
Q

Self recording use?

A

Graph or similar monitoring system used to encourage self to perform desired bhvrs.

37
Q

Consideration for use with child?

A

May need to be creative to inspire child to use, text example of “getting the bunny to where it can eat the carrots”.

38
Q

Differences between behavioural assessment and psychodiagnostic assessment?

A

Basic
1. Checklist is a sample of response to stim VS checklist results are indicative of enduring traits

  1. Covert bhvrs are akin to overt bhvrs as controlling variables VS covert and overt separate categories
    Goals
  2. Id excess/ deficit VS diagnosis
  3. ID enviro causes VS ID intrapsychic/ trait causes

Methods
5. preference for direct obs VS Impossible to directly obs intrapsychic factors

Frequency
6. preference for continuous, pre, during, post VS Typically only pre and post

39
Q

Topography of bhvr definition

A

Specific movements of a response. Example the actual movement of nail biting

40
Q

Common measures of bhvr

A

Topography and amount

41
Q

Frequency definition

A

instances in given time. Example number of times beads are counted within an hour

42
Q

Three ways to track frequency?

A

Tally sheet, frequency chart, cumulative frequency chart

43
Q

Ways a cumulative chart differs from a frequency chart?

A

Each session added to previous session vs independent tally
Slope of line does not decrease vs variability
Able to visualize small differences

44
Q

What can be inferred from?

a. steep slope
b. low slope
c. flat line

A

a. Rapid increase
b. Gradual increase
c. No change in frequency

45
Q

Characteristics of bhvr that frequency shows?

A

Independent and distinct bhvrs

46
Q

Relative duration definition?

A

Length of time behaviour occurs within some period of time. Example is procrastination, many specific actions combined to produce bhvr

47
Q

Another word for intensity, and example of why important to measure?

A

Magnitude or force of bhvr. Example would be biting, is child touching teeth to arm or breaking skin

48
Q

Define stimulus control and give example?

A

Degree of correlation between stimulus and response. Does person get up when alarm goes off or not.

49
Q

Name 6 levels ABLA-R assesses

A 
Imitation
Position discrim
Visual discrim
Visual id-M-S discrim
Visual non Id, M-S discrim
Auditory- Visual combined discrim
50
Q

What is latency of response with example?

A

Time between stimulus and response. Time between alarm going off and getting out of bed.

51
Q

How is quality of bhvr a refinement of other characteristics with example

A

Quality of bhvr is based on one or combo of of other characteristics, a good riser may turn off alarm and get up quickly the majority of days (freq), and on time. showing good stimulus control, low latency and appropriate topography

52
Q

4 components minimal bhvr mod program

A

Screening; clarify problem
Assessment/ baseline: cause and level of problem
Treatment: apply intervention
FollowUp: Evaluate persistence of desired change

53
Q

Why minimal program may not be responsible for change?

A

Change could be due to extraneous variable or confound variable

54
Q

Minimal bhvr mod program and research differences?

A

Research attempts to demonstrate convincingly that it was program responsible for change, whereas program simply addresses bhvr.

55
Q

Dependent var

A

Measure of variable, effect

56
Q

Independent var

A

Treatment or intervention, cause

57
Q

Internal val

A

IV caused change

58
Q

External val

A

Generalizable to other bhvrs, inds, and settings

59
Q

Reversal replication

A

ABAB or withdrawal design

Baseline, tx, BL, tx

60
Q

Baseline length

A

Until stable trend, opposite of predicted direction of IV effect

61
Q

Shorter baseline

A

Ethics such as self harm, time constraints,

62
Q

Number of reversals

A

large effect, enough times to rule out other factors

63
Q

Two limitations of ABAB

A

Bhvr trapping: unable to reverse

Undesirable/ unethical to reverse

64
Q

Multi baseline advantage

disadvantage

A

Don’t lose improvements

Carryover, stim gen, sufficient obs

65
Q

Baseline across bhvrs design

A

Establish BL for 2+ bhvrs, introduce IV sequentially as successful.
ex. Brush teeth, wash hands after br, wash face at night. Start with extra TV time after teeth are done, then after hands washed each time etc

66
Q

Limitations of BL across bhvr

A

Bhvrs not independent, carry over effect occurs.
May not be 2+ suitable bhvrs
can only conclude tx valid with ind

67
Q

Multi BL across situ

A

Establish BL across multi situs concurrently, introduce Tx sequentially as successful.
ex. Wash hands after BR, before meals, when come inside

68
Q

Limits of multi BL

A

Carry over effects, bhvr only occurs in specific situ,

69
Q

Multi BL across ppl

A

Specific bhvr in 2+ ppl. BL concurrent, sequential IV as successful. Advantage of internal and external validity.

70
Q

Limits of multi BL across ppl

A

Discussion btw ppl, not enough inds with target bhvr,

71
Q

Changing criterion

A

Successive changes (bhvrl approximations) in bhvr criterion for app of tx.

72
Q

Six characteristics of bhvr

A 
Topography
Amount
Intensity
Stimulus control
Latency
Quality
73
Q

Multielement/ alternating tx

A

Compare tx for same bhvr (single bhvr). May use single IV for multiple topographies.

74
Q

Limitations of multielement

A

Interaction between tx

75
Q

Common recording procedures

A

Continuous
Interval
Time Sampling

76
Q

Continuous/ event

A

EVERY instance of bhvr recorded

Record: tally every time nail is bit

77
Q

Interval

A

Obs period divided into EQUAL SHORT intervals: record behaviour one time per int either:
Partial: record if bhvr happened during int
Whole: record if bhvr occurred throughout

ex. observe q 10mins, 10min off, for 1hr
P: Record x1 if nail biting occurs
W: record x1 if nail in mouth entire 10min

78
Q

Time sampling

A

Short interval in LONG Obs period, generally repeated
ex. Obs 10min on every hour for 24hrs
Record x1 if nail bite occurs in that 10 min

79
Q

Momentary time sampling* same in notes*

A

Reduced interval to single point in time

ex. Obs x1 if nail bit on the hour, every hour

80
Q

Combined interval time sampling

A

Small ints of equal length, record only some intervals

81
Q

Advatage of time sampling

A

Does not require continuous obs
Useful for bhvrs without discrete onset
Indication of duration/ severity
more precise reliability measures

82
Q

Advantage of interval

A

Useful for bhvrs without discrete onset
Indication of duration/ severity
more precise reliability measures

83
Q

Advantages of continuous

A

Good for when successive responses are similar in duration

84
Q

IOR

A

Event= small/large x100

IntorTS= [agree/ (agree =disagree)] x100

> 80% ideally

IOR should be obtained for minimum 20%, preferably 33% of sessions

85
Q

Social validity

A

Acceptability of goals, tx, and result to client, therapist and society

86
Q

Single subj design

A

Primary data analysis is visual inspection of graphs

Track behavior of a single subject over time across all conditions in an experiment

Assess reliability of findings through intra-subject replications

Assess generality of findings through inter-subject replications

87
Q

Judge significane

A

Changes in trend across conditions
Sooner the effect is observed following the introduction of treatment
Fewer the overlapping points between baseline & treatment
Larger the effect in comparison to baseline

231 Exam 2 (10 decks)

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