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231 Exam 2 > Operation learn this stuff > Flashcards

Operation learn this stuff Flashcards

1
Q

Positive reinforcer

A

Event following bhvr that causes bhvr to increase in frequency

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2
Q

Operant bhvrs/ responses

A

Bhvrs that operate on the enviro to generate consequences, and are in turn influenced by those consequences

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3
Q

negative reinforcement

A

Removal of stimuli immediately following bhvr

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4
Q

Selecting bhvr

A

Specific:
Ensure reliability
Increase consistency

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5
Q

Selecting reinforcer

A

Whichever is most effective and appropriate

Should be:
Readily available
Present immediately
Repeat use without satiation
Not time consuming
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6
Q

Five types of reinforcers

A 
Consumable
Activity
Manipulative
Possessional
Social
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7
Q

premack principle

A

If the opportunity to engage in a bhvr that has a high probability of occurringis made contingent on a bhvr that has a low probability of occurring, then that bhvr that has a low probability of occurring will increase.

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8
Q

Reinforcer can only be defined as such if…

A

.. effect on bhvr is demonstrated

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9
Q

Deprivation

A

Time during which ind does not experience reinforcer

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10
Q

Satiation

A

Condition in which ind has experienced reinforce to point that it is no longer effective

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11
Q

Motivating operations/ variables

A

Temporarily alter effectiveness of a reinforce

Alter frequency of bhvr reinforced by that reinforcer

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12
Q

Reinforcer size

A

Optimum size depends on additional factors, determined by effectiveness at given size, must be small enough to avoid satiation.

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13
Q

Immediacy

A

Most effective immediately following desired bhvr (preferably within 30sec)

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14
Q

Indirect acting effect

A

Non immediate reinforcement strengthens some responses. must provide adequate instructions for self talk/ other reinforce to have effect.

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15
Q

Contingent

A

Specific bhvr

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16
Q

Noncontingent

A

Specific time regardless of bhvr, not generally effective

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17
Q

Programmed

A

Arranged arbitrarily

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18
Q

Natural

A

Occur in natural enviro, need some sort of natural reinforce to maintain bhvr, otherwise will return to baseline

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19
Q

Pitfalls

A

Inaccurate explanation
Failure to apply
Partial knowledge misapplication
Unaware

20
Q

Applying process

A

Tell ind plan
Reinforce immediately following bhvr
Describe bhvr when reinforce given
Use lots of praise

21
Q

Weaning

A

Eliminate tangible, replace with social reinforcers
Look for other natural reinforcers
Periodically assess

22
Q

Operant extinction

A

If an individual in a given situ emits a previously reinforced bhvr and that bhvr is not reinforced, that person is less likely to repeat bhvr.

23
Q

Factors influencing effectiveness of Op Ext

A

Control of reinforcers: consistency
Combining extinction with Positive reinforce for alternate desired bhvr
Setting: minimize other influences, maximize persistence with program
Instructions given
Schedule carried out
Bhvr worsens before improving
Extinction produces aggression
Spontaneous recovery of previously extinct bhvr

24
Q

Extinction burst

A

Increase in responding during extinction

25
Q

Continuous

A

Each instance of response is reinforced: When reinforcement d/cd bhvr will be quicker to extinguis

26
Q

Intermittent

A

Response occasionally reinforced: Bhvr will slowly extinguish

27
Q

Elicited aggression

A

Aggression in response to operant extinction. Less prevalent when extinction part of treatment package, not sole intervention.

28
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Bhvr returns after a delay. Typically amount returning is less than baseline.

29
Q

Pitfalls

A

Partial knowledge

Unaware misapplication

30
Q

Selecting bhvr for Op ext

A

Specific
Circumstances such that follow through is possible, aggression is mitigated
One that reinforcers may be controleld

31
Q

prelimary to Op ext

A

Chart bhvr
Identify current reinforce
Identify alt bhvr and reinforce
Identify appropriate settings for int

32
Q

Weaning from op ext

A

Prepare for relapses
Failure may be due to:
1) attention withheld not what was maintaining bhvr
2) inconsistent reinforcement from other source
3) alternative bhvr not sufficiently strengthened

33
Q

Punisher/ aversive stimuli

A

Immediate consequence that causes bhvr to decrease in freq

34
Q

Principle of punishment

A

If in a given situation someone does something that is followed by punisher, person is less likely to repeat

35
Q

Punishment as modifier

A

Occurs immediately
Is not retributive
Not used to deter others

36
Q

Physical punishers

A

Act on nociorecpetors, are unconditioned stimuli, aversive scents/ tastes also include (often ice, or sour)

37
Q

Reprimand

A

Strong, negative verbal stim

38
Q

Timeout

A

Ind loses opportunity to earn reinforcers
Exclusionary: remove from situ
Non-exclusionary: leave in situ, but remove stim assoc with less reinforcement (ex: stay in class, not allowed to speak)

39
Q

Response cost

A

Removal of specified amount of reinforce following bhvr

40
Q

Factors influencing effectiveness of punisher

A

Conditions for desirable alt response
Cause of undesirable bhvr: current stim and reinforce
effective punishing stim
Antecedents for punishment
Delivery of punisher: immediate, consistent, not paired with positive, remain calm

41
Q

Harmful side effect of punishment

A

Aggressive bhvr: PHYSICAL PUNISHMNET ASSOC W HIGH OF AGGRESSION
Emotional side effects: crying, fearfulness, may interfere with desired bhvrs
escape and avoidance
No new bhvr, must be paired with other ints
Modeling: children repeat to others
Overuse: should be paired with positive

42
Q

Alternatives to punishment

A

functional communication training

Positive behaviour support

43
Q

Punishment only used when

A 
Bhvr is very maladaptive
Clear steps to alternative response, and to minimize causes
Informed consent
Ethical
Clearly applied
Safeguards in place
44
Q

pitfalls

A

Unaware application

Partial knowledge

45
Q

Guidelines for punisher

A 
Specific response
maximize alt response
Minimize causes
Select effective punisher
Present clear stim
Consistent
Careful data collection

231 Exam 2 (10 decks)

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