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Pathology 1 > Exam 1: Circulatory Disorders Parts 1&2 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Circulatory Disorders Parts 1&2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 functions of the Vascular endothelium?

A
  1. role in hemostasis
  2. Modulates Perfusion
  3. Role in inflammation
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2
Q

arrest bleeding by the physiological properties of vasoconstriction and coagulation or by surgical means

A

Hemostasis

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3
Q

The space between tissue comaprtments

A

interstitium

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4
Q

Water distribution b/t plasma and theinterstitium is primarily determined by the ____ and ____ pressure differences b/t the 2 compartments

A

hydrostatic , oncotic

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5
Q

What equation is used to measure pressure differences between two compartments?

A

starling equation

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6
Q

T/F Capillary hydrostatic and oncotic pressures are normally equal

A

T

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7
Q

T/F. an inc. in hydrostatic pressure or diminished plasma osmotic pressure will cause extravascular fluid to accumulate.

A

T

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8
Q

List the 7 circulatory disturbances

A
  1. edema
  2. hyperemia & congestion
  3. Hemostasis
  4. Helmorrhage
  5. Thrombosis, embolism, DIC
  6. infarction
  7. Shock
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9
Q

Abnormal accumulation of excess extracellular water in interstitial spaces or body cavities

A

Edema

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10
Q

What are the 4 pathomechanisms of Edema?

A
  1. inc. blood hydrostatic pressure
  2. dec. plasma colloidal osmotic pressure
  3. lympahtic obstruction
  4. inc. vascular permeability
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11
Q

What are the 2 categories of edema?

A
  1. inflammatory

2. non-inflammatory

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12
Q

Type of edema that is characterized by an inc vascular permeability

A

Inflammatory

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13
Q

What is inflammatory edema referred as?

A

exudate

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14
Q

What is non-inflammatory edema referred to as?

A

Transudate

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15
Q

liver failure causes which type of edema?

A

non-inflammatory

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16
Q

What does edema look like in cadaver?

A
  1. Wet
  2. gelatinous/ heavy
  3. swollen organs
  4. fluid weeps when cut
  5. yellow
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17
Q

When pressure is applied to an area of edema a depression results as excessive interstitial fluid is forced to adjacent areas

A

Pitting edema

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18
Q

Fluid in the thoracic cavity

A

hydrothorax

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19
Q

fluid within the peritoneal cavity

A

Ascites/hydroperitoneum

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20
Q

Generalized edema with profuse accumulation of fluid within the subcutaneous tissue

A

Anasarca

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21
Q

What are the 3 factors that determine the clinical significance of edema?

A
  1. extent
  2. location
  3. duration
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22
Q

Which type of edema is associated with damage to pulmonary capillary endothelium

A

inflammatory

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23
Q

Which type of edema is associated with left sided CHF?

A

non-inflammatory

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24
Q

What does ARDS stand for?

A

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

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25
Q

What is chronic pulmonary edema most commonly associated with?

A

cardiac failure

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26
Q

inc. of arteriole-mediated engorgement of the vascular bed

A

Hyperemia

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27
Q

passive, venous engorgement

A

congestion

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28
Q

Hyperemia or congestion?

Blood is not oxygenated?

A

congestion

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29
Q

Hyperemia or congestion?

blood is oxygenated

A

hyperemia

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30
Q

What are the 2 types of hyperemia?

A
  1. physiological

2. pathological

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31
Q

what are 4 examples of physiological hyperemia?

A
  1. digestion= inc blood to GIT
  2. Exercise= inc blood to m.
  3. Dissipate heat
  4. neurovascular= blushing
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32
Q

What causes pathological hyperemia?

A

underlying pathological processes, usually inflammation

33
Q

List 2 examples of pathological hyperemia

A
  1. gingivitis

2. conjunctivitis

34
Q

passive engorgement of vascular beds caused by a dec. outflow of blood

A

congestion

35
Q

Usually the result of heart failure and associated with edema.

A

pulmonary congestion

36
Q

subacute to chronic ______ is usually the result of right sided CHF.

A

hepatic congestion

37
Q

the escape of blood from the blood vessels

A

hemorrhage

38
Q

what are the two types of hemorrhage

A

internal or external

39
Q

What are some of the primary causes of hemorrhage?

A
  1. Trauma
  2. Sepsis
  3. viremia/bacteremia/toxins
  4. abdominal neoplasia
  5. Coagulation abnormalities
40
Q

What is the diff. between hemorrhage and hyperemia/congestion?

A

hemorrage means blood is outside the vessel wall, hyperemia means blood is within the vessels

41
Q

How is the clinical significance of hemorrhage determined?

A

Location and severity

42
Q

Hemorrhage due to a substantial tear in the vascular wall

A

Hemorrhage by rhexis

43
Q

Hemorrhage due to a small defect in the vessel wall or rbcs passing through the vessel wall in cases of inflammation or congestion

A

Hemorrhage by diapedesis

44
Q

inc. tendency to hemorrhage from usually insignificant injuries

A

hemorrhagic diathesis

45
Q

blood in the thoracic cavity

A

hemothorax

46
Q

blood in the peritoneal cavity

A

hemoperitoneum

47
Q

blood within a joint space

A

Hemoarthrosis

48
Q

coughing up of blood or blood-stained sputum from the lungs or airways

A

hemoptysis

49
Q

Bleeding from the nose

A

epistaxis

50
Q

hemorrhage that is up to 1-2mm in size

A

petechia

51
Q

Where is petechia commonly found?

A

skin, mucosal and serosal surfaces

52
Q

hemorrhage that is larger than petechia, up to 2cm in size

A

ecchymosis

53
Q

hemorrhage that is larger than ecchymosis

A

suffusive hemorrhage

54
Q

petechiae and ecchymoses associated with terminal hypoxia

A

agonal hemorrhages

55
Q

hemorrhage that looks like if red paint was hastily applied with a paint brush

A

paint-brush hemorrhage

56
Q

where is paint brush hemorrhage most commonly found?

A

mucosal and serosal surfaces

57
Q

Central mass of fibrin and RBCs surrounded by supportive vascular CT

A

Organizing hematoma

58
Q

arrest bleeding by physiological or surgical means

A

hemostasis

59
Q

The pathological form of hemostasis

A

thrombosis

60
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

A clot that forms within a vessel which is not injured or only mildly injured.

61
Q

What are the 3 general components necessary for normal hemostasis to occur?

A
  1. vascular wall
  2. platelets
  3. coagulation cascade
62
Q

Aggregate of platelets, fibrin, and entrapped blood cells

A

thrombus

63
Q

What are the 3 components of the virchow triad?

A
  1. endothelial injury
  2. Alterations in blood flow
  3. hypercoagulability
64
Q

What are the 3 ways you can get hypercoagulability?

A
  1. inc. in coagulation factors
  2. inc. in sensitivity to coagulation factors
  3. dec. in coagulation inhibitors
65
Q

Thrombus formation in the cranial mesenteric artery of horses with strogylus vulgaris infection

A

verminous thrombosis

66
Q

what are the 4 possible outcomes of thrombi

A
  1. lysis
  2. propagation
  3. embolism
  4. organization
67
Q

What is embolism?

A

when pieces of a thrombus break off from the original mass and sail downstrem to lodge at a distant site

68
Q

The mass that breaks off a thrombus

A

embolus

69
Q

A physiological response to vascular damage to seal an injured vessel to prevent blood loss

A

hemostasis

70
Q

What does DIC stand for and what is it?

A

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

systemic reaction in which there is generalized activation of the blood coagulation system

71
Q

Localized area of ischemic necrosis in a tissue or organ caused by occlusion of either the arterial supply or the venous drainage

A

infarction

72
Q

What are the 3 types of shock?

A
  1. cardiogenic shock
  2. hypovolemic shock
  3. blood maldistribution
73
Q

What is cardiogenic shock?

A

failure of the heart to maintain normal cardiac output

74
Q

What is hypovolemic shock?

A

fluid loss due to hemorrhage, vomiting, or diarrhea

75
Q

What are the 3 types of blood maldistribution?

A
  1. anaphylactic
  2. neurogenic
  3. septic
76
Q

What causes anaphylactic blood maldistribution shock

A

type 1 hypersensitivity

77
Q

What causes neurogenic blood maldistribution shock?

A

neurological injury leading to loss of vascular tone and peripheral pooling of blood

78
Q

what causes septic blood maldistribution shock?

A

host innate IS response to infectious organisms that may be blood borne or localized to a particular site

79
Q

what is the most common cause of septic shock/

A

endothoxin-producing gram-negative bacilli

Pathology 1 (19 decks)

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