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Pathology 1 > Exam 2: Inflammation > Flashcards

Exam 2: Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Reaction of vascularized livin tissues to injury

A

Inflammation

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2
Q

What are the 5 signs of swelling?

A
  1. redness
  2. heat
  3. swelling
  4. pain
  5. loss of function
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3
Q

What are the 3 roles of inflammation

A
  1. Dilute and isolate injury
  2. Destroy invading microorganisms or inactivate toxins
  3. achieve healing and repair
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4
Q

What are the 3 outcomes of inflammation

A
  1. Ideal: return to normal
  2. Intense resp: attempt to separate injured tissue
  3. Failure to eliminate insult
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5
Q

What are the 3 steps for inflammation can return to normal?

A
  1. elimination of source of injury
  2. resolution of inflammation
  3. restoration of normal physiological funct.
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6
Q

What happens during an intense inflammatory response?

A

attempt to isolate inflammatory process, formation of wall (capsule)

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7
Q

What happens when there is a failure to eliminate the insult?

A

persistent inflam. cells and scar formation

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8
Q

T/F inflammation can only occur in living tissue

A

T

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9
Q

T/F Inflammation can be more harmful to the animal than the initial stimulus

A

T

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10
Q

What happens to the cells involved in inflammation once the stimulus is eliminated?

A
  1. mediators are broken down and dissipated
  2. WBCs have short lifespan in tissues
  3. Anti-inflam mech. are activated
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11
Q

repair begins during inflam. and it is completed when ____

A

when stimuli has been neutralized

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12
Q

What are the two ways damaged tissue can be replaced?

A
  1. regeneration of native parenchymal cells

2. scaring with fibrous tissue

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13
Q

Escape of fluid, proteins, and blood cells from the vascular system into the interstitium or body cavities

A

Exudation

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14
Q

Exudate is an Inflammatory extravascular fluid that has what 3 things

A
  1. high protein conc.
  2. much cellular debris
  3. specific gravity above 1.020
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15
Q

Essentially an ultrafiltrate of blood plasma and results from hydrostatic imbalances across the vascular endothelium

A

Transudate

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16
Q

T/F. transudate has a low protein content

A

T

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17
Q

T/F Transuate has a specific gravity above 1.020

A

F. below

exudate is above

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18
Q

Denotes an excess of fluid in the interstitial tissue or serous cavities, it can be an exudate or transudate

A

Edema

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19
Q

An inflammatory exudate rich in leucocytes and parenchymal cell debris

A

Pus

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20
Q

What are the 2 components of a basic/simple classification of inflamm.

A
  1. exudate

2. duration

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21
Q

What are the 4 categories of inflammation describing the duration?

A
  1. peracute
  2. acute
  3. subacute
  4. chronic
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22
Q

List the 3 main characteristics of peracute inflammation

A
  1. caused by potent stimulus
  2. animal has no time to respond
  3. less common than acute
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23
Q

what are the clinical signs of peracute inflam.

A

Shock and sudden death

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24
Q

Infam that occurs in 0-4 hrs?

A

peracute inflam

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25
Q

Inflam that occurs in 4-6 hrs

A

Acute

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26
Q

Which cells predominate in Acute inflam

A

Neutrophils

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27
Q

Inflammation of lymphatic vessels

A

Lymphangitis

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28
Q

type of inflam. characterized by Gradual change, between acute and crhronic

A

Subacute

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29
Q

This term is used when the inflam. resp. does not include reparative responses such as fibroplasia and angiogenesis

A

Subacute inflam

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30
Q

Inflam that spans from a few days to a few weeks

A

Subacute

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31
Q

What cells predominate during subacute inflam

A

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, macropahges, plasma cells

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32
Q

Type of inflam that is often the result of a persistent inflam. stimulus in which the host has failed to completely eliminate the causative agent

A

Chronic

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33
Q

In chronic inflam. the inflam resp. is usually accompanied by and _____

A

IR

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34
Q

term for scar formation

A

fibrosis

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35
Q

____ inflam. is characterized by proliferation of capillaries and small blood besssels

A

Chronic

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36
Q

Which cells predominate in chronic inflam

A 
Mononuclear inflam cells:
lymphocytes
Macrophages
Plasma cells
Fibroblasts
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37
Q

Single abnormality or inflamed area within a tissue

A

Focal inflammation

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38
Q

arising from or pertaining to many foci

A

Multifocal

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39
Q

involves a considerable zone of tissue within an inflamed organ

A

Locally extensive

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40
Q

Although variations in severity of the inflam. may occur, the entire tissue is involved. often viral or toxic in etiology

A

Diffuse

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41
Q

What are the 3 most common types of exudate?

A
  1. Suppurative
  2. Fibrinous
  3. serous
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42
Q

Exudate consisting of, or containing pus, associated with the formation of pus

A

Suppurative/ purulent Exutation

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43
Q

A liquid inflammation product composed of dead cells, leukocytes, and fluids from edema

A

pus

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44
Q

What is keratitis?

A

Inflam of the cornea

45
Q

T/F. pyometra in a dog is a form of severe suppurative inflam.

A

T

46
Q

The process by which pus is formed

A

Suppuration

47
Q

A circumscribed collection of pus

A

Abscess

48
Q

T/F Abscesses are localized forms of suppurative inflammation

A

T

49
Q

Suppurative lesions are oftern viral/fungal/bacterial in origin

A

Bacterial

50
Q

yellow-white to grey-white lesion that varies from watery to viscous

A

Abscess

51
Q

What is the pathogenesis of fibrinous exudation

A

severe injury to endothelium and BMs results in leakage of plasma proteins (fibrinogen)

52
Q

T/F Fibrinous exudation does not contain fibrin

A

F

53
Q

What is the gross appearance of fibrinous inflammation

A

yellow-white, stringy, shaggy meshwork which gives a rough irregular appearance to the tissue surface

54
Q

Is Fibrinous exudat acute or chronic?

A

acute, seconds

55
Q

Term used to classify an inflammatory process in which neutrophils and fibrin are abundant

A

Fibrinopurulent exudate

56
Q

T/F. fibrinous exudation is the same as fibrosis

A

F. Fibrinous exudate= acute process

Fibrosis= chronic process

57
Q

Provides the support for hte eventual ingrowht of fibroblast and neocapillaries

A

Fibrin

58
Q

Inflammatory process in which the exudate occurs in tissues in the abscence of a prominent cellular response

A

Serous exudation

59
Q

T/F Granulomatous inflammation can be chronic or acute

A

F. Always chronic

60
Q

Inflammatory resp. characterized by the presence of lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells with the predominant cell being the macrophage

A

Granulomatous inflammation

61
Q

Macrophages are clustered in a characteristic elliptical formation around the causative agent , or around a central necrotic area

A

Granuloma

62
Q

What often causes granulomatous inflammation

A

Some non-digestible organism or particle which serves as chronic inflam. stimulus

63
Q

what type of hypersensitivity is usually associated with granulomatous inflamm.

A

Delayed type

64
Q

Type of inflam where necrosis is the main feature and exudation is minimal

A

Necrotizing inflam.

65
Q

Type of inflam where hemorrhage is the main feature.

A

Hemorrhagic

66
Q

What is mucopurulent inflammation

A

exudate is composed of mucus and pus

67
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of inflammatory cells

A
  1. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (granlocytes)

2. Mononuclear cells

68
Q

What are the 3 polymorphonuclear leukocytes

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. basophils and mast cells
69
Q

What are the 3 types of mononuclear cells?

A
  1. lymphocytes and plasma cells
  2. Monocytes and macrophages
  3. platelets
70
Q

What are the 3 things neutrophils eliminate

A
  1. microorganisms
  2. tumor cells
  3. foreign material
71
Q

T/F neutrophils are highly motile

A

T

72
Q

T/F. neutrophils are the major cellular defense system against bacteria

A

T

73
Q

What are the 2 major classes of granules in neutrophils

A
  1. Asurophil (primary) granules

2. specific (secondary) granules

74
Q

Granules that are small, less dense, and more numerous

A

Specific granules

75
Q

Granules that are larger, oval and electron dense

A

Azurophil

76
Q

What do the neutrophils of rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, reptiles, fish and birds contain and what are they called?

A

Eosinophilic granules, heterophils

77
Q

The main functions of neutrophils include ____ and secretion of ______.

A

Phagocytosis, pro-inflammatory substances

78
Q

What are the 3 ways neutrophils can kill microorganisms?

A
  1. producing O2 free radicals
  2. hydrogen peroxide
  3. lysosomal enzymes
79
Q

Neutrophils mediate tissue injury via release of _____ and _____.

A

O2 free radicals, lysosomal enzymes

80
Q

Neutrophils regulate the inflam. resp. via releasing chemical mediators such as ____ and ____

A

LEukotrienes and PAF

81
Q

Blood cells abundant at sites of inflam. in diseases of iommunologic, parasitic, or allergic origin

A

Eosinophils

82
Q

Blood cells that have unique functions as effector cells for killing elminths

A

Eosionophils

83
Q

T/F. Eosinophils are smaller than neutrophils

A

F. larger

84
Q

T/F Eosinophils lack lysozyme and phagocytin

A

T

85
Q

What are the 3 types of granules contained in eosinophils

A
  1. small granules
  2. Primary granules
  3. Large secondary granules
86
Q

What are the 4 components of large secondary granules of eosionophils

A
  1. Major basic protein
  2. Eosinophilic cationic protein
  3. Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin
  4. Eosinophil peroxidase
87
Q

strongly toxic granule in eosinophil that kill parasites

A

Major basic protein

88
Q

Granule in eosinophils that contributes to parasite killing and also shortens coagulation time

A

Eosinophilic cationic protein

89
Q

What are the 3 functions of eosinophils

A
  1. Modulate Hypersens. rxns
  2. Defence against helminthic infestations
  3. phagocytic
90
Q

These two cell types are involved in immune reactions, and are key cellular mediators of the immediate AB response

A

Lymphocytes and plasma cells

91
Q

T/F macrophages are part of the mononuclear phagocyte system

A

T

92
Q

Consists of closely related cells of bone marrow oragin, including blood monocytes, and tissue macrophages

A

Mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)

93
Q

What are the 4 functions of macrophages

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Modulation of inflam and repari
  3. Regulation of IR
  4. Production of IL-1
94
Q

What are the 4 events of acute inflammation

A
  1. stimuli for onset of inflam
  2. vascular changes
  3. cellular events
  4. Termination of acute infam resp.
95
Q

What are the 4 stimuli for inflam

A
  1. infectious agents
  2. trauma
  3. Necrotic tisue
  4. immune reactions
96
Q

What is the major role of vascular changes in inflam?

A

maximizing movement of cells and plasma proteins

97
Q

What are the two vascular changes during inflam?

A
  1. inc. vascular flow and caliber of blood vessels

2. Inc. vascular permeability

98
Q

Delivery of WBCs to the site of injury

A

Extravasation

99
Q

What are the steps of extravasation

A

M RAT

  1. Margination
  2. Rolling
  3. Activation and adhesion
  4. Transmigration
100
Q

What is LAD?

A

leukocyte adhesion deficiency due to leukocyte failure

101
Q

What is the etiology fo LAD?

A

Type 1 mutation in Beta-1 integrins

102
Q

c/s fo LAD?

A

gingivitis, tooth loss, ulcers, pneumonia

103
Q

The process where WBCs emigrate in tissues towards the site of injury

A

Chemotaxis

104
Q

T/F. chemotaxis occurs right before extravasation

A

F. right after

105
Q

What are the 2 types of chemotactic agents?

A
  1. Endogenous

2. Exogenous

106
Q

Involves the accumulation of WBCs at the site of injury followed by release of enzymes by neutrophils and macrophages to eliminate injurious agents

A

Phagocytosis

107
Q

What are the 3 interconnected processes of phagocytosis

A
  1. recognition and attachment
  2. engulfment
  3. killing
108
Q

What are the 3 stop signals that terminate acute inflam.

A
  1. Switch from pro-inflam. leukotrienes to anti-inflam. lipoxins
  2. Liberation of anti-inflam cytokines
  3. neural impulses

Pathology 1 (19 decks)

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