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Biomedical Physiology > Exam I > Flashcards

Exam I Flashcards

1
Q

Define anatomy

A

Study of body structures

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2
Q

Define physiology

A

Study of body functions

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3
Q

Name the 5 basic life processes

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Reproduction
  3. Responsiveness
  4. Movement
  5. Growth
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4
Q

O2 is required for the body to make what?

A

ATP

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5
Q

What are the two types of metabolism?

A

Catabolism and anabolism

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6
Q

What’s the difference between catabolism and anabolism?

A

Catabolism breaks things down, anabolism builds things up

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7
Q

What is responsiveness?

A

Ability to detect a stimulus and generate a response

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8
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Condition of equilibrium in internal environment produced by constant interplay of body’s internal functions. DYNAMIC condition

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9
Q

Physiology is what to homeostasis?

A

What the body is doing to maintain homeostasis

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10
Q

Allostasis is what?

A

Achieving homeostasis through physiological or behavioral change. It relates to the mechanisms that deal with change.

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11
Q

What are feedback systems?

A

Cycles of life in which the body is continually monitored, evaluated, and changed

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12
Q

3 basic components of feedback systems

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Control center
  3. Effector
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13
Q

Recepto input

A

System tha tmonitors and senses change and sends a signal to the control center

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14
Q

Control center integration

A

Sets the range of accepted values, and in return, sends output commands to the effector

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15
Q

Effector output

A

Body structure that responds to the command that change the.

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16
Q

What is ICF

A

Intercellular fluid - fluid within the cell

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17
Q

What is ECF?

A

Extracellular fluid - fluid outside the cell

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18
Q

2 major subcategories of ECF?

A
  1. Interstitial fluid (between cells)

2. Plasma

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19
Q

Minor subcategories of ECF

A
  1. Lymph

2. Transcellular fluids (synovial fluids, eyeball fluid, CSF)

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20
Q

Urine and digestive fluids are

A

Considered outside of the cell

21
Q

The human body is about 60% what?

A

Water, but this is VARIABLE. Changes with gender, build, etc.

22
Q

What is important about the cell membrane’s form?

A

It leads to permeable function

23
Q

The lipid bilayer is studded with

A

intergral or peripheral proteins

24
Q

Ratio of lipid molecules to proteins?

A

30:1

25
Q

Cell membrane is composed of (75%)

A

phospholipids

26
Q

Structure of a phospholipid

A

Two lipid tails and a phosphate head

27
Q

How much of the cell membrane is composed of cholestrol?

A

20%

28
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

A rigid lipid structure with a hydroxyl group

29
Q

Is cholesterol ampiphatic?

A

Weakly

30
Q

Is the hydroxyl group semi-polar

A

Yes

31
Q

Are the cholesterols in the membrane movable?

A

No

32
Q

What is the purpose of cholesterols in the cellular membrane?

A

They give the structure integrity (less fluid)

33
Q

Glycolipids compose how much of the membrane?

A

5%

34
Q

What are glycolipids?

A

Lipids with a carbohydrate attached

35
Q

Glycolipids are amphipathic. What does this mean?

A

They have hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends

36
Q

Describe the polarity of glycolipids

A

Carbohydrate end is polar, lipid end is nonpolar

37
Q

Describe the function of glycoproteins

A

They portrude through the membrane, they are antigenic, and serve as a marker for other cells to recognize them

38
Q

How do phospholipids arrange themselves? Why?

A

Heads out, tails in. This is because the heads are polar and therefore hydrophilic.

39
Q

Describe the glycocalyx

A

Fuzzy part of the cell; fuzzy because carbohydrates from glycolipids stick out of cell

40
Q

Describe the protein portion of the membrane

A

Integral proteins go through the entire bilayer, they have amphipathic portions, and can also be called transmembrane proteins. Peripheral proteins hang on the outside. Intracellular peripheral membrane proteins, also called glycoproteins, have a carbohydrate group that extends out the ECF, which also forms part of the glycocalyx and helps cells adhere to one another. Proteins function as channels/pores, transporters, receptors, enzymes, cell-to-cell contact specialization (a way to unite cells together, not communication), and cell identity markers.

41
Q

3 types of cell-cell contact

A
  1. Desmosomes
  2. Gap junctions
  3. Tight junctions
42
Q

Tight junctions

A

Integral proteins like a river

43
Q

Gap junctions

A

Channels that cross two bilayers, lead to more communication and hold cells together.

44
Q

Desmosomes

A

Extra strong tight junctions, like Velcro, and have cytomicrofilaments, and cytomicrotubules

45
Q

Lipid bilayer functions include

A
  1. Permeability to most nonpolar, uncharged molecules (aka other lipids). Oxygen can go through it due to small size, nitrogen can as well. Lipid and fat soluble substance can go through it. Steroids based on cholesterol can. Small alcohol molecules can go through it. Water can go through it due to bilayer movement and small molecule size. Nothing else can really go through it.
46
Q

Proteins help what move the membrane

A

Small and medium polar (or charged) substance move through the membrane. Highly selective.

47
Q

Function of cell communication

A

Transport information and signals across the cell.

48
Q

Describe direct junction method

A

Direct contact, also known as the gap junction method. It is a change of charge, and not a common method of communication. Hepatocytes, smooth muscle cells, cardiac cells, and some neurons utilize this method of cellular communication.

Biomedical Physiology (20 decks)

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