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PSYCO 105 > MIDTERM 1 CHAPTER 9 > Flashcards

MIDTERM 1 CHAPTER 9 Flashcards

1
Q

The four properties that are essential to any language are…

A

Symbols
Structure
Meaning
Generativity

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2
Q

Set of rules that dictate how symbols can be combined to create meaningful units of communication

A

Grammar

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3
Q

Rules that govern the order of words

A

Syntax

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4
Q

Refers to the meaning of words and sentences

A

Semantics

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5
Q

Means that symbols of language can be combined to generate infinite number of messages that have a novel meaning

A

Generativity

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6
Q

Refers to the fact that language allows us to communicate about events and objects that are not physically present

A

Displacement

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7
Q

Structure of language which consist of symbols that are used and their order

A

Surface structure

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8
Q

Structure which refers to the underlying meaning of the combined symbols

A

Deep structure

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9
Q

Smallest unit of speech sound in a language that can signal a difference in meaning

A

Phoneme

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10
Q

The smallest units of meaning in a language

A

Morphemes

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11
Q

The most comprehensive level in which sentences are combined into paragraphs, articles, books, conversations etc

A

Discourse

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12
Q

In this processing, individual elements of a stimulus are analyzed and then combined to form a unified perception

A

Bottom-up processing

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13
Q

Sensory information is interpreted in light of existing knowledge, concepts, ideas, and expectations

A

Top-down processing

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14
Q

Perceiving where each word within a spoken sentence begins and ends

A

Speech segmentation

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15
Q

A knowledge of the practical aspects of using language

A

Pragmatics

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16
Q

An impairment in speech comprehension and/or production that can be permanent or temporary

A

Aphasia

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17
Q

Innate biological mechanism that contains the general grammar rules common to all language

A

Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

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18
Q

High-pitched intonation that seems to be used all over the world

A

Child-directed speech

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19
Q

B.F. Skinner explained that children’s language is developed through…

A

Operant conditioning

20
Q

Proposed by Jerome Bruner which represent factors in the social environment that facilitate the learning of a language

A

Language Acquisition Support System (LASS)

21
Q

States that language not only influence but also determines what we are capable of thinking

A

Linguistic relativity hypothesis

22
Q

One mode of thought that take form of verbal sentences which expresses proposition

A

Propositional thought

23
Q

Another mode of thought which consist images that we can see, hear, feel

A

Imaginal thought

24
Q

Relates to mental representation of motor movements

A

Motoric thoughts

25
Q

Basic unit of semantic memory

A

Concepts

26
Q

The most typical and familiar members of a category

A

Prototype

27
Q

Type of reasoning from the top down, from a general principle to a conclusion about a specific case

A

Deductive reasoning

28
Q

Reasoning from bottom up, starting with specific facts and trying to develop a general principle

A

Inductive reasoning

29
Q

The tendency to abandon logical rules in favour of our own personal beliefs

A

Belief bias

30
Q

Refers to the idea that the same information, problems or options can be structured and presented in different ways

A

Framing

31
Q

The tendency to stick to the solutions that worked in the past

A

Mental set

32
Q

Are like metal blue prints or step by step scripts for selecting information and solving specialized classes of problems

A

Problem-solving schemas

33
Q

General problem-solving strategies that we apply to certain classes of situations

A

Heuristics

34
Q

We identify differences between the present situation and the desired state, or goal, and then make changes that will reduce these differences

A

Means-ends analysis

35
Q

Formulating subgoals, or intermediate steps toward a solution

A

Subgoal analysis

36
Q

Used to infer how clearly something or someone fits our prototype for a particular concept or class, and therefore how likely it is to be a member of that class

A

Representativeness heuristics

37
Q

Causes us to base judgments and decisions on the availability of information in memory

A

Availability heuristics

38
Q

Tendency to look for evidence that will confirm what they currently believe in rather than looking for evidence that could disconfirm their beliefs

A

Confirmation bias

39
Q

A mental framework, an organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world

A

Schema

40
Q

A mental framework concerning a sequence of events that usually unfolds in a regular, almost standardized order

A

Script

41
Q

The generation of novel ideas that depart from the norm

A

Divergent thinking

42
Q

The tendency to be so fixed on their perception of the proper function of an object or a procedure that they are blinded to new ways of using it

A

Functional fixedness

43
Q

Represent a system of knowledge about the meaning and conduct of life

A

Wisdom

44
Q

Representation of a stimulus that originates inside your brain rather than from external sensory input

A

Mental image

45
Q

Refers to the awareness and understanding of your own cognition abilities

A

Metacognition

PSYCO 105 (6 decks)

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