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Psychology > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

The scientific study of how a person’s behavior, thoughts, and feelings influence and are influenced by social groups

A

Social Psychology

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2
Q

Yielding to group pressure even when no direct request to comply has been made

A

Conformity

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3
Q

Who tends to show more conformity in public, women or men?

A

Women

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4
Q

The need to act in ways that we feel will let us be liked and accepted by others

A

Normative social influence

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5
Q

In which we take our cues for how to behave from other people when we are ina situation that is not clear or is ambiguos

A

Informational social influence

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6
Q

The tendency for a decision-making group to move to more extreme and riskier positions

A

Polarization

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7
Q

The tendency for a decision-making group to agree and to discourage dissent, even to the point of disregarding critical thinking

A

Groupthink

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8
Q

What position could one person take that might have prevented these group errors?

A

The Devil’s Advocate

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9
Q

Changes in a person’s behavior induced by the presence of others

A

Social Influence

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10
Q

The tendency for people to change their behavior just because of the presence of other people

A

Mere Presence

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11
Q

Some behaviors an individual does in private but not in the presence of others

A

Mere Presence

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12
Q

The tendency to perform better when in the presence of others, particularly if the task is perceived as easy

A

Social facilitation

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13
Q

The tendency to be inhibited in the presence of others; particularly if the task is perceived as difficult

A

Social impairment

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14
Q

Of Social Facilitation and Social Impairment, what levels of arousals are these used?

A

Lower level of arousal- Social Facilitation

Higher level of arousal- Social Impairment

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15
Q

The tendency to work less hard when part of a group than when solely responsible for the work

A

Social Loafing

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16
Q

State in which a person in a group can feel anonymous and unidentifiable and therefore feel less concerned with others’ opinions of his or her behavior

A

Deindividuation

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17
Q

Give an example of Deindividuation.

A

To Kill a Mockingbird

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18
Q

Bending to the requests of a person who has little or no authority or other form of social power

A

Compliance

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19
Q

The tendency for a person who has first complied with a small request to be more likely later to comply with a larger request

A

Foot-in-the-door technique

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20
Q

The tendency for a person who has refused a major request to subsequently be more likely to comply with a minor request

A

Door-in-the-face technique

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21
Q

A strategy in which, once a commitment is made, the cost of that commitment is increased

A

Lowball Technique

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22
Q

Focuses on the ways in which people think about other people and how those cognitions influence behavior toward the other people

A

Social Cognition

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23
Q

A learned tendency to respond positively or negatively toward a certain idea, person, object, or situation

A

Attitude

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24
Q

Examples of this are opinions, beliefs, and baises

A

Attitude

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25
Q

What are the three comnponents of attitude?

A

Affective Component, Behavior Component, and Cognitive Component

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26
Q

How a person feels toward the object, person, or situation

A

Affective Component

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27
Q

How a person acts in regard to the person, object, or situation

A

Behavior Component

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28
Q

How a person thinks or believes about himself or herself, the object, or the situation

A

Cognitive Component

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29
Q

Process by which one person tries to change the belief, opinion, position, or course of action of another person through argument, pleading, or explanation

A

Persuasion

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30
Q

The speaker is more persuasive if he or she does what three things?

A
  1. Is a credible source of information about the specific argument being presented.
  2. Is popular, attractive, famous, or likable.
  3. Is seemingly not invested in the message (if there is no obvious gain to the speaker if you are persuaded by the speaker).
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31
Q

The message is more persuasive if it does what three things?

A
  1. Arouses your fear.
  2. Presents both sides to a knowledgeable or unfavorable audience, or presents only the positive side to a favorable audience, or presents one side to a poorly informed audience.
  3. Is presented or framed in a way appealing to the particular audience to whom it is aimed.
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32
Q

The listener is more persuadable if he or she does what six things?

A
  1. Is less intelligent.
  2. Has a higher need for social approval.
  3. Has moderate self-esteem.
  4. Is in a group, with larger groups tending to be more persuadable.
  5. Has a network of friends and acquaintances who have diverse attitudes.
  6. Is male or female? (Female-both, said in class)
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33
Q

Which follows to match the other – behavior to match attitudes, or attitudes to match behavior? (In other words, which changes first – attitude or behavior?)

A

More often change behavior first- both

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34
Q

What does the theory of cognitive dissonance indicate?

A

That attitudes frequently change to match behavior.

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35
Q

An uncomfortable clash between self-image, thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, or perceptions, and one’s behavior

A

Cognitive Dissonance

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36
Q

We tend to feel uncomfortable when our
attitude and behavior are incongruent (when they don’t match), and we then tend to bring them back into congruence to reduce the discomfort. What si this an example of?

A

Cognitive Dissonance

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37
Q

The process of making inferences about the causes of one’s own behavior and the behavior of others

A

Attribution

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38
Q

We make attributions (causes) for behavior, but the error is that our attributions are not equal between the behavior of others and our own behavior.

A

Fundamental Attribution Error

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39
Q

We tend to give oourselves the benfit of the doubt. What is this an example of?

A

Fundamental Attribution Error

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40
Q

What are the two aspects of Fundamental Attribution Error?

A

Situational Attribution and Dispositional Attribution

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41
Q

The situation or environment tends to influence or to lead to behavior

A

Situational Attribution

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42
Q

A person’s motives, traits, or characteristics tend to influence or to lead to behavior

A

Dispositional Attribution

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43
Q

A person’s motives, traits, or characteristics tend to influence or to lead to behavior

A

Dispositional Attribution

44
Q

We have a tendency to underestimate the impact of situations on others while overestimating the impact of situations on our self. What is this an example of?

A

Fundamental Attribution Error

45
Q

The more we can see the external influences of another’s behavior (such as stresses and pressures), the less likely we are to make what?

A

Fundamental attribution error

46
Q

A negative emotional, and often stereotyped, attitude about the members of a particular group of people

A

Prejudice

47
Q

Treating members of various social groups differently in circumstances where their rights or treatment should be identical

A

Discrimination

48
Q

Discrimination may result from what?

A

Racial prejudice or racism

49
Q

Of prejudice and discrimination which is the attitude and which is the behavior?

A

Prejudice=attitude

Discrimination=behavior

50
Q

Give a few examples of prejudice and discrimination.

A

Ageism (particularly toward the elderly or teenagers), sexism, racism, and that exhibited toward those of different religions, economic levels, body sizes, sexual orientation

51
Q

Once an ( ) is established, prejudice toward and discrimination against the ( ) is likely to follow

A

1st blank -In group

2nd blank- Out group

52
Q

A group with which a person identifies

A

In-group

53
Q

A group with which a person does not identify

A

Out-group

54
Q

Blaming a person or a group for the actions of others or for conditions not of their making

A

Scapegoating

55
Q

A type of displaced aggression in which hostilities triggered by frustration are redirected toward safer targets, typically a member or members of an out-group

A

Scapegoating

56
Q

Oversimplified generalizations of individuals who belong to a particular social group

A

Stereotypes

57
Q

These people reduce our ability to treat each member of a group as an individual; lead to narrow expectations for behavior;
stereotypes lead to faulty attributions

A

Stereotypes

58
Q

Proposes three processes for the formation of a person’s identity within a particular social group and the attitudes, concepts, and behavior that go along with identification with that group

A

Social Identity Theory

59
Q

Social Identity Theory

  1. – people assign categories to others (racial, job, etc.) and to themselves (to help determine how they should behave)
  2. – the formation of one’s social identity (the part of the self-concept that includes the view of oneself as a member of a particular social groupwithin the social category, typically the in-group)
  3. – people tend to compare themselves favorably to others to improve their own self-esteem, the comparison typically being with a member of the out-group
A
  1. Social Categorization
  2. Identification
  3. Social Comparison
60
Q

The effect that a person’s knowledge of another’s stereotyped opinions can have on that person’s behavior, perhaps leading to a self-fulfilling prophesy

A

Stereotype Vulnerability

61
Q

Including attitudes of parents, relatives, friends, teachers, preachers, media

A

Social Learning

62
Q

Marked by rigidity, inhibition, oversimplification, and ethnocentrism

A

Authoritarian Personality

63
Q

Placing one’s group at the center, usually by rejecting all other groups

A

Ethnocentrism

64
Q

Liking or having the desire for a relationship with someone else

A

Interpersonal Attraction

65
Q

Attraction appears to be based on a process called ( ), which is our forming impressions of others

A

Person Perception

66
Q

We typically are attracted to those with whom we are familiar, which is usually based on physical proximity

A

Proximity

67
Q

Are people typically more attracted if they are alike or different?
Do birds of a feather flock together or do opposites attract?
What are these examples of?

A

Alike but can be both.
Most likely togther but can be both.
Similarity

68
Q

We tend to assign more importance to ( ) rather than to ( ) aspects of another

A

Negative rather than to Positive

69
Q

We tend to assign more importance to first rather than later information about a person. What is this an example of?

A

Primacy Effect

aka. First Impression

70
Q

The primacy effect can be reduced through three things?

A
  1. Prolonged exposure
  2. Passage of time
  3. Knowledge of the primacy effect
71
Q

We tend to be more attracted to (

)people, unless they seem perfect

A

Competent

72
Q

We tend to be more attracted to people we perceive as attractive. So, is beauty in the eye of the beholder?

A

Yes

73
Q

We tend to like those who first like us. What is this called?

A

Reciprocity of Liking

74
Q

What are three components of love according to Robert Sternberg’s Triangle of Love?

A

Intimacy, passion, and commitment

75
Q

Feelings of closeness, connectedness, sharing, and warmth

A

Intimacy

76
Q

The emotional and sexual arousal felt toward another

A

Passion

77
Q

The decisions made about the relationship

A

Commitment

78
Q

Match Intimacy, passion, and commitment to the following: the psychological aspect of love, the intention to maintain the relationship, and the physical aspect of love

A

The psychological aspect of love- Intimacy
Intention to maintain the relationship- Commitment
The physical aspect of love- Passion

79
Q

Marked by passion and intimacy; sometimes called passionate love

A

Romantic love

80
Q

Marked by intimacy and commitment; sometimes called affectionate love

A

Companionate love

81
Q

Marked by passion, intimacy, and commitment all being strong; the fullest type of love

A

Consummate love

82
Q

Passion is the only component

A

Infatuation

83
Q

Marked by passion and commitment

A

Fatuous Love

84
Q

Commitment is the only component

A

Empty Love

85
Q

Intimacy is the only component; also known as friendship

A

Liking

86
Q

What are the two factors for maintaining a relationship?

A
  1. Realistic expectations

2. Balance (also called Equity Theory)

87
Q

What you are putting in, you are getting out of it. What is this an example of?

A

Balance

88
Q

Any action carried out with the intention of harming another

A

Aggression

89
Q

The deliberate and repeated use of verbal or physical, direct or indirect, aggression as a tactic for dealing with everyday situations

A

Bullying

90
Q

( ) bullies typically engage in direct physical aggression;
( )bullies typically prefer indirect verbal aggression

A

1st blank- male

2nd blank- female

91
Q

There is evidence that frustration can lead to aggression; however, it does not always lead to aggression, as we may also respond with learned helplessness or perhaps a stereotyped response

A

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

92
Q

The feeling which may result when one is prevented from reaching a goal

A

Fustration

93
Q

Freud, Lorenz, and others considered aggression to be ( ), but evidence for this as a basic instinct does not seem to be persuasive

A

Instinctual

94
Q

Is there is evidence for genetics having an influence on aggression?

A

Yes

95
Q

Higher levels of testosterone have been linked to aggression, especially when accompanied by lower levels of the what?

A

Neurotransmitter Serotonin

96
Q

What lowers inhibitory controls and also results in a decrease in serotonin

A

Alcohol

97
Q

What proposes that aggression can be learned through modeling, such as that found by observing aggression of parents, siblings, friends, and characters on television, computer games, movies, etc.

A

Social Learning Theory

98
Q

Social roles that permit or encourage aggression are what?

A

Police, solider, etc.

99
Q

Socially desirable behavior that benefits others

A

Prosocial Behavior

100
Q

Helping another with no expectation of reward

A

Altruism

101
Q

The likelihood of helping decreases as the number of bystanders increases

A

Bystander Effect

102
Q

When are you more likely to help another?

A

When you are alone

103
Q

The phenomenon in which a person fails to take responsibility to help because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility

A

Diffusion of Responsibility

104
Q

Anexample of Diffusion of Responsibility.

A

Kitty Genovese

105
Q

Latané and Darley’s Decision Model of Helping: there are 5

A
  1. You must notice that something has happened
  2. You must realize it is an emergency
  3. You must assume responsibility for helping
  4. You must know how to help(If you notice the situation, realize it is an emergency, assume responsibility to help, and know how to help, will you help?)
  5. You must decide to help

Psychology (7 decks)

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