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Psychology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

The physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging

A

Stress

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2
Q

The mental and physical condition that occurs when a person must adjust or adapt to the environment

A

Stress

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3
Q

Stress-causing events

A

Stressors

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4
Q

What are the two basic kinds of stressors?

A
  1. Those that cause distress, which occurs when people experience unpleasant stressors
  2. Those that cause eustress, which results from positive events that make demands on a person to adapt or change
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5
Q

What is the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being

A

Eustress

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6
Q

An unpredictable event that happens on a large scale and creates tremendous amounts of stress and feelings of threat, such as tornados, hurricanes, and terrorist activities

A

Catastrophes

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7
Q

Positive and negative life changes and adjustments create stress

A

Major life changes

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8
Q

The daily annoyances of everyday life

A

Hassles

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9
Q

Also considered to arise from the threat of a negative event

A

Pressure

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10
Q

What is one of the most common forms of pressure?

A

Time pressure

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11
Q

Stress is not as severe when a person has some control over it

A

Uncontrollability

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12
Q

Experiments with rats and monkeys have demonstrated the effect of _______

A

Control

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13
Q

In this study, one monkey was placed in one cage and another monkey was placed in an adjoining cage. Both cages had an electric grid to deliver painful shocks to the monkeys. One cage included a switch to turn the shock off for both monkeys. When the experimenter turned on the shock, both monkeys received the same level and intensity of shock. Both received the same duration of shock since the one with the switch turned it off for both. When blood samples were analyzed, the levels of stress hormones were significantly _____ in the monkey who had the control switch to turn off the shock for both monkeys. What is ths also an example of?

A

-Less

Uncontrollability

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14
Q

A negative emotional state that occurs when people are blocked or prevented from reaching a desired goal or fulfilling a perceived need

A

Frustration

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15
Q

Give an example of external frustration?

A

A car breaking down

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16
Q

Give an exmaple of internal frustration/

A

Personal characteristics creating difficulty in attaining a goal

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17
Q

Typical responses to frustration include what?

A

Persistence, aggression,

escape, and withdrawal

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18
Q

A stressful condition that occurs when a person must choose between
competing and incompatible desires, goals, or actions

A

Conflict

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19
Q

What re the four basic forms of conflict?

A
  1. Approach- approach conflict
  2. Avoidance- avoidance conflict
  3. Approach-avoidance conflict
  4. Multiple approach-avoidance conflicts
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20
Q

This conflcit comes from having to choose between two positive, or desirable, alternatives, such as at an ice cream shop having to decide which one of your two favorite flavors you will order

A

Approach- approach conflict

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21
Q

Which conflcit is a “win-win situation” in which the minor stress comes from the decision to acquire one desire while losing the other

A

Approach- approach conflict

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22
Q

This conflcit comes from having to choose between two negative, or undesirable, alternatives, such as the choice between going to the dentist with a painful toothache or remaining in pain

A

Avoidance- avoidance conflict

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23
Q

Which conflict is a “lose-lose situation” in which there is a higher level of stress

A

Avoidance- avoidance conflict

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24
Q

This conflcit comes from being both attracted to and repelled by the same goal or activity, such as taking a job you like in a city you do not like

A

Approach-avoidance conflict

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25
Q

This conflcit is two or more alternatives with each containing attraction and repulsion

A

Multiple approach-avoidance conflicts

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26
Q

In conflict approaches and conflict avoidances, which one is negative and which one is positive?

A

Both approaches are positive. Both avoidances are negative.

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27
Q

A series of bodily reactions to prolonged stress

A

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

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28
Q

What are the three reliable stages of GAS

A
  1. Alarm reaction
  2. Stage of resistance
  3. Stage of exhaustion
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29
Q

In which GAS stage is bodily resources are mobilized to cope with the stressor

A

Alarm reaction

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30
Q

In which GAS stage is the sympathetic nervous system is activated

A

Alarm reaction

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31
Q

In which GAS stage is enduring stress may result in tension, stomachache,
headache, nausea, or other physical symptoms

A

Alarm Reaction

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32
Q

In which GAS stage is body adjustments to stress stabilize, giving the appearance of normality for a period of time

A

Stage of resistance

33
Q

In which GAS stage is body resources are exhausted and serious health consequences occur, including emotional (anxiety, irritability, mental fatigue), behavioral (avoidance, neglect, self-destructive behavior), and physical (weakened immune system leading to illness, high blood pressure, exhaustion, over-reliance on medication)

A

Stage of exhaustion

34
Q

In which GAS stage can death occur if stress level is not changed?

A

Stage of exhaustion

35
Q

_______ seems to related to increases in the risks of illness, coronary heart disease, Type 2 diabetes, and cancer.

A

Stress

36
Q

The study of the effects of psychological factors such a stress, emotions, thoughts, and behavior on the immune system

A

Psychoneuroimmunology

37
Q

Focuses on how our physical activities, psychological traits, and social relationships affect our overall health and rate of illnesses

A

Health Psychology

38
Q

Most people today in the U.S. die from lifestyle diseases, which result from lifestyle choices and habits, such as heart disease, stroke, AIDS, and lung cancer. What are these?

A

Behavioral risk factors

39
Q

High levels of stress, untreated hypertension, cigarette smoking, abuse of alcohol and other drugs, overeating, inadequate exercise, unsafe sexual behavior, exposure to toxic substances, violence, excessive sun exposure, reckless driving, and disregarding personal safety

A

Major behavioral risk factors

40
Q

The six behavioral risk factors related to ____ of all medical costs: smoking, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, poor diet, insufficient exercise, and risky sexual practices

A

70%

41
Q

Habits acquired by age _______will likely affect your health, happiness, and life expectancy for years to come.

A

18 or 19

42
Q

People who are intellectually resourceful, compassionate, optimistic, and nonhostile tend to enjoy _________.

A

Good health

43
Q

Getting regular exercise, controlling smoking and alcohol use, maintaining a balanced diet, getting good medical care, and managing stress.

A

Health-promoting behaviors

44
Q

Getting regular exercise, controlling smoking and alcohol use, maintaining a balanced diet, getting good medical care, and managing stress.

A

Health-promoting behaviors

45
Q

Appraising a stressor by estimating the severity of the stressor and classifying it as a threat, a challenge, or a harm or loss that has already occurred

A

Richard Lazarus’ primary appraisal

46
Q

People who have identified a threat or harmful effect must estimate the resources that they have available for coping with the stressor

A

Richard Lazarus’ secondary appraisal

47
Q

Competitive, impatient, most likely tense, workaholic, easily annoyed, some are hostile

A

Type A personalities

48
Q

About twice as likely as Type B personalities to develop heart disease or have a heart attack (research indicates that the lethal factor seems to be hostility)

A

Type A personalities

49
Q

More relaxed, laid back approach to life and life’s stressors, slow to anger, more peaceful

A

Type B personalities

50
Q

A group of traits associated with the development of cancer, specifically the trait of being non-assertive

A

Type C personalities

51
Q

A group of traits associated with the development of Depression

A

Type D personalities

52
Q

Which personality type haas more research evidence than other types?

A

Type A

53
Q

A group of traits associated with higher resistance to stress

A

Hardy personality

54
Q

What are three things people with a hardy personality have?

A
  1. A sense of personal commitment to self, work, family, and other stabilizing values
  2. A feeling of control over one’s life and work
  3. A tendency to see life as a series of challenges, rather than as a series of threats or problems
55
Q

People who always tend to look for positive outcomes

A

Optimists

56
Q

These people are associated with longer life, increased immune-system functioning, and more success in personal life endeavors

A

Optimists

57
Q

People who tend to expect the worst to happen

A

Pessimists

58
Q

These people in comparison with optimists, pessimists have a higher death rate, more problems with physical and emotional health, more pain, less ability to take part in social activities, and less energy

A

Pessimists

59
Q

Lack of sufficient money to provide for the basic necessities of life lead to many stressors, resulting in overcrowding, lack of medical care, increased rates of disability, increased rates of illness, violence, and substance abuse

A

Poverty

60
Q

Higher levels of work stress can lead to symptoms similar to the symptoms from other sources of stress, and may lead to burnout

A

Job stress

61
Q

Negative changes in thoughts, emotions, and behavior as a result of prolonged stress or frustration, resulting in both mental and physical exhaustion

A

Burnout

62
Q

Symptoms include extreme dissatisfaction, pessimism, lowered job satisfaction, and a desire to quit

A

Burnout

63
Q

What are three effective methods with coping with stress

A
  1. Problem-focused coping
  2. Emotion-focused coping
  3. Manage the response to the stressor by scheduling enjoyable activities
64
Q

Involves removing or substantially changing the stressor

A

Problem-focused coping

65
Q

Involves modifying the interpretation of the stressor, which may be accomplished by changing thinking errors such as black and white thinking, all or nothing thinking, catastrophic thinking, and “musterbation” thinking

A

Emotion-focused coping

66
Q

Spending time with friends and family, making time for regular exercise, and utilizing structured relaxation techniques such as progressive muscle relaxation and meditation

A

Managing the response to the stressor by scheduling enjoyable activities

67
Q

What are the three less effective method for coping with stress?

A
  1. Withdrawing from the stressor
  2. Being aggressive toward the stressor
  3. Using defense mechanisms
68
Q

A desire is redirected toward a safer and more acceptable activity

A

Displacement

69
Q

A desire is redirected toward an activity particularly valued by society (displacement upgrade)

A

Sublimation

70
Q

Projecting our motives and desires onto others

A

Projection

71
Q

Transforming unacceptable desires into acceptable ones

A

Reaction formation

72
Q

Changing one’s reaction to one of earlier years or to one of a less demanding situation

A

Regression

73
Q

Justifying one’s behavior by giving highly logical reasons for it

A

Rationalization

74
Q

Unconsciously preventing disturbing or painful thoughts from entering awareness

A

Repression

75
Q

Conscious refusal to consider an upsetting reality

A

Denial

76
Q

Being coolly logireaction is appropriate

A

Intellectualization

77
Q

Fulfilling unmet desires through imagined activities

A

Fantasy

78
Q

Give an example of repression.

A

Having a lump and “forgetting” it was there

79
Q

Give an example of reaction formation.

A

TV preachers claiming being gay is bad and turns out they are gay

Psychology (7 decks)

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