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Childhood Dev't > 8. Phys. Dev't in Preschool Children > Flashcards

8. Phys. Dev't in Preschool Children Flashcards

1
Q

Describe rate of growth in preschool age

A
  • slower than infants/toddlers

- still rapid

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2
Q

Height/weight of average 2-year-old

A

85 cm.

13 kg.

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3
Q

Height/weight of average 6-year-old

A

112 cm.

20.5 kg.

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4
Q

Average rate of growth of height/weight from ages 2-6

A

5-8 cm/year

1.8 kg/year

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5
Q

Describe the stability/variability of height/weight for preschool kids

A

Height rate is stable - predictive of adult height.

Weight rate is much more variable, based on more factors.

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6
Q

Stunting

A

Under the 3rd percentile for height

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7
Q

Wasting

A

Under the 3rd percentile for weight

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8
Q

Overweight

A

At or over the 85th percentile for BMI

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9
Q

Obese

A

At or over the 97th percentile for BMI

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10
Q

Head circumference

A

Children up to 3 are at risk for health, nutritional, or developmental problems if their head is beyond the 3rd or 97th percentile.

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11
Q

How many teeth does a typical 3-year-old have?

A

20 baby teeth

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12
Q

When do baby teeth get replaced by adult teeth?

A

At 5-6 years.

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13
Q

Why is dental care of primary teeth important?

A

Disease in primary teeth can affect development of the permanent teeth that from and emerge from below.

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14
Q

Age 3 brain (% of adult weight)

A

80%

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15
Q

Age 5 brain (% of adult weight)

A

90%

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16
Q

In what ways does the preschool brain change?

A
  • pruning understimulated connective tissues
  • myelinization - corpus callosum allows the hemispheres to communicate
  • stronger connectivity between synapses
  • becomes more specialized (e.g. localization of language) but less plastic
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17
Q

Why is sleep important to preschoolers?

A

Growth hormone (GH) is secreted

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18
Q

How much time/day do preschoolers/6-year-olds spend sleeping?

A

13 hours / 11 hours

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19
Q

Describe bedtime problems.

A
  • 20-30% have nightly struggles

- problems often occur b/c of lack of routine

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20
Q

Describe a good bedtime routine.

A
  • start/end at about the same times every day
  • be followed as closely as possible every night
  • supervised as needed
  • 15-45 minutes
  • not rushed
  • good time to talk about the day
  • attend to fears and needs but not demands
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21
Q

Nightmare

A

Dreaming that occurs towards morning that is vivid, frightening, and usually wakes the child.

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22
Q

Night terror

A

Waking in a panicked state, breathing rapidly and perspiring heavily.

  • not fully awake
  • usually early in the night
  • often a result of waking too quickly from a deep sleep
  • no underlying problem
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23
Q

Sleepwalking

A

Walking during deep sleep.

- danger of injury

24
Q

Bed wetting

A
  • more of a problem for boys

- 25% of 4-year-olds still wet the bed

25
Q

Describe development of running

A
  • age 2: hurried walk - stiff legs, not airborne

- age 5/6: run easily, change direction

26
Q

Describe development of throwing

A
  • age 2-3: use forearm exclusively
  • age 3-5: use whole arm
  • age 6+: rotate body
27
Q

Describe development of catching

A
  • age 2: can only catch if the ball lands in their arms

- age 6: use legs, adjust body position to catch and absorb force of the ball

28
Q

Examples of fine motor skills development

A

2-3 y.o. put on simple clothing, zip zippers but not buttons
by 3 or 4 y.o., fasten buttons, take off clothes to go to the bathroom
5 y.o. dress and undress
6 y.o. shoelaces

29
Q

Explain development of the grip in fine motor skills

A

3 y.o. still experimenting with holding pens
5 y.o. learning to grip the same way as adults
- improves writing/drawing - drawings become progressively more complex (this also reflects cognitive dev’t)

30
Q

When is handedness established

A

by age 2

31
Q

What % of people are R vs. L handed?

A

90%

32
Q

Shape stage

A

period during which children mainly draw 6 basic shapes

age 3

33
Q

6 basic shapes of the shape stage

A 
circle
x
rectangle
triangle
\+
blob
34
Q

Design stage

A

period during which children combine the 6 basic shapes into more complex patterns
age 3-4

35
Q

Pictorial stage

A

period during which children depict recognizable objects in drawings
age 4-5

36
Q

Lateralization

A

the functional specialization of each half of the brain, which makes the two halves different

37
Q

How does lateralization differ between R and L handers?

A

In R, language lateralization is almost entirely in the L hemisphere.
In L handers, it’s a lot more mixed and inconsistent.

38
Q

gender differences in motor skills

A
  • no height/weight difference in preschool
  • boys a little more muscular
  • no difference in hand strength
  • boys more active
  • girls more coordinated (e.g. skipping)
  • girls better fine motor control
39
Q

Other than physical differences, what could explain the differences in motor skills between preschool boys and girls?

A
  • socialization

- how they’re encouraged to play

40
Q

How many calories do preschoolers consume?

A

90/kg. of body weight

= 1500-1700 calories/day

41
Q

Characteristics of a healthy diet

A
  • draws on all major food groups

- limits sugar and fats

42
Q

What factors contribute to obesity

A
  • pattern of poor eating
  • low levels of exercise
  • genetic
  • also linked to social class
43
Q

Obesity leads to…

A
  • social and emotional problems
  • poor self-image
  • social rejection (cultural bias against obesity)
44
Q

How many children in Canada are obese?

A

1/3

15% boys, 8% girls

45
Q

What is the relationship between asthma and obesity?

A

In asthmatic people, Th2 immune cells cause asthmatic reactions AND release of “melanin-concentrating hormone” which causes increase in appetite.
obesity may cause inflammation -> allergic reactions -> the above cycle.

46
Q

MCH

A

melanin-concentrating hormone

  • Released by the Th2 immune cells in asthmatic people.
  • causes increased appetite / overeating
47
Q

Feeding guidelines for parents of preschoolers

A
  • allow kids to select from healthy options
  • allow them to eat in the order they want
  • offer new foods 1 at a time & in small amounts; encourage but don’t force
  • don’t force eating all the food
  • don’t talk about eating for the whole meal
  • food not a reward/punishment
48
Q

How many colds/coughs does the average preschooler have/year?

A

7-8

49
Q

Why are preschoolers susceptible to minor illnesses?

A

Their lungs are still developing

50
Q

Why are minor illnesses good?

A
  • help the body prepare for worse illnesses

- children learn how their bodies work and are more prepared in the future

51
Q

Common chronic illnesses for prechoolers

A

asthma (most common)
juvenile diabetes
cancer

52
Q

How many children under 4 have asthma?

A

8.25%

53
Q

What is the Human Microbiome Project?

A

Studying the micoorganisms that live on/in us by genetic sequencing and examining how the microbes affect health and well-being.

54
Q

What is the leading cause of death in preschool children?

A

Accidents.

55
Q

Why are some children more prone to illness/injury?

A
  • child stress - prone to illness (lower immune)
  • parent stress - prone to injury
  • poverty - problems begin before birth with inadequate prenatal care & diet
56
Q

How can required hospital stays be made less stressful for children?

A
  • parental presence / rooming in
  • a warm/caring nurse assigned to the child
  • psychologist/social worker help prepare the child
  • tour ahead of time; touch the equipment
  • some choices (food, toys)

Childhood Dev't (15 decks)

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