Soc/Emo Development in Middle Childhood (class complete)

Question 1

Describe emotional development in emotional childhood (5)

Answer 1

• frequency of negative emotional outbursts declines
• time of emotional contentment and stability
• better ability to understand others’ emotions
• better ability to control their own emotions
• improvements in self-regulation influenced by changes in demands of social environments

Question 2

define self-concept

Answer 2

person’s perception and evaluation of himself or herself

• get more complex through middle childhood
• more understanding of the role of context

Question 3

define social comparison

Answer 3

how persons view themselves in relation to others with regard to status, abilities, or achievements

• increases in middle childhood
• negative effect on self-esteem

Question 4

define self-esteem

Answer 4

person’s overall sense of worth and well-being

- becomes more realistic (lower) in middle childhood

Question 5

4 features associated with low self-esteem (correlation)

Answer 5

• problems with peers
• antisocial behaviour
• prone to psychological disorders (e.g., depression)
• less successful at school

Question 6

what did (Robins & Trzesniewski, 2005) study?

Answer 6

Purpose: To review current evidence about development of self-esteem across the lifespan.
Two forms of change:
a) normative changes across age groups
b) stability of individual differences over time

Question 7

what did (Robins & Trzesniewski, 2005) find about self-esteem stability over the lifespan?

Answer 7

Self-esteem as a stable “trait” - as stable as other personality characteristics
- less stable in childhood and old age - may be due to dramatic life changes

Question 8

Selmann’s stages of perspective-taking (5)

Answer 8

1. undifferentiated
2. social-informational
3. self-reflective
4. third person
5. societal

Question 9

Selmann’s stages of perspective-taking: undifferentiated

Answer 9

ages 3-6

children know that self and others have different thoughts and feeling, but often confuse the two

Question 10

Selmann’s stages of perspective-taking: social-informational

Answer 10

ages 4-9

children know that perspectives differ because people have access to different information

Question 11

Selmann’s stages of perspective-taking: self-reflective

Answer 11

ages 7-12

children can step into another’s shoes and view themselves as others do; they know that others can do the same

Question 12

Selmann’s stages of perspective-taking: third person

Answer 12

ages 10-15
children and adolescents can step outside the immediate situation to see how they and another person are viewed by a third person

Question 13

Selmann’s stages of perspective-taking: societal

Answer 13

ages 14 +

adolescents realize that a third person’s perspective is influenced by broader personal, social, and cultural contexts

Question 14

define empathy

Answer 14

ability to recognize and experience the emotions of others

a hypothetical construct

Question 15

Components of empathy (3), and describe

Answer 15

cognitive - ability to recognize the emotions of others
affective - experience a similar emotional reaction as the other person
behavioural - tendency to behave in a way that is consistent with the emotion

Question 16

define prosocial behaviour

Answer 16

positive behaviour toward others, including kindness, friendliness and sharing

Question 17

define aggression

Answer 17

any behaviour that is intended to hurt someone, physically, emotionally, or verbally

Question 18

what are the main features of conduct disorder

Answer 18

violates rules, norms and rights of others

an externalizing disorder

Question 19

define externalizing disorder

Answer 19

a disorder in which symptoms are directed outward - disruptive to others in the environment

Question 20

What are the 4 symptom clusters in conduct disorder in DSM-5?

Answer 20

4 clusters of 15 symptoms:

1. aggression to people and animals
2. destruction of property
3. deceitfulness or theft
4. serious violations of rules

Question 21

What is the prevalence of conduct disorder?

Answer 21

DSM-5: 2% - 10% (median 4%)
Systematic Review (DSM-IV): 0.7% - 9.2% (10 studies)

Question 22

Describe Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Answer 22

3 clusters of 8 symptoms:

• angry/irritable mood (frequent)
• argumentative/defiant
• vindictiveness (at least twice in past 6 mo.)

Question 23

What is the prevalence of Oppositional Defiant Disorder?

Answer 23

DSM-5: 1.1% - 11% (average 3.3%)

Question 24

What did Hong et al. (2015) study?

Answer 24

which disruptive behaviours in preschool were normal and which predicted persistent problems

Question 25

What characteristics were more likely in children with school-age Conduct Disorder: (vs. non-CD)
(Hong et al.)

Answer 25

• older
• lower family income
• more history of abuse/neglect
• less likely to have intact family
• more history of depression

Question 26

Which behaviours are markers of preschool conduct disorder?

Answer 26

High-intensity

Question 27

define psychopathology

Answer 27

the problems people face due to psychological

disorders, and the scientific study of psychological abnormality

Question 28

define psychopathy

Answer 28

a personality disorder characterized by a lack of
empathy, shallow affect, impulsivity, irresponsibility, and manipulative behaviour (similar to antisocial personality disorder)

Question 29

define psychosis

Answer 29

refers to being out of touch with reality; experiencing sensations that have no physical basis (e.g., hallucinations), displaying incoherent speech and/or inappropriate behaviour