11. Physical Dev't in Middle Childhood

Question 1

When is middle childhood?

Answer 1

ages 7-11

Question 2

Describe physical growth in middle childhood

Answer 2

steady pace
3.5 kg/year
5-7.5 cm/year
Girls reach puberty faster, and grow faster then

Question 3

Discuss growth hormone treatment (3 points)

Answer 3

• for kids whose bodies don’t produce enough growth hormones
• growth spurt followed by faster growth that before
• widespread, but some skepticism about end result (still short), value for investment, side effects

Question 4

How many calories/day (average)?

Answer 4

2400

Question 5

Effects of malnutrition or subnutrition

Answer 5

• slowed growth
• irritability
• sickness
• missed school
• trouble remembering and concentrating

Question 6

define obesity

Answer 6

physical state of being 20% over ideal body weight, given age and height

Question 7

how is obesity related to self-esteem?

Answer 7

• lower body-esteem and self-esteem in older obese children (not younger)
• related not to actual weight, but to feelings about appearance

Question 8

how is obesity related to class?

Answer 8

• in Canada, lower SES are at higher risk of obesity
• physical activity lowers risk
• TV-watching and video-games increase risk (also type 2 diabetes)
• Health Canada recognizes a childhood obesity epidemic

Question 9

how is obesity related to heredity?

Answer 9

• more closely linked to biological than adoptive parents

- genes influence activity level and basal metabolic rate

Question 10

define basal metabolic rate

Answer 10

the speed at which the body consumes calories

Question 11

What factors increase risk of obesity?

Answer 11

• class / lifestyle
• heredity
• environment

Question 12

What three factors are common to effective obesity-reduction programs?

Answer 12

1. focus on changing eating and behavioural habits
2. self-monitoring (eating, exercise); goals and rewards
3. training parents on assisting with goal-setting and behavioural change; parental self-monitoring

Question 13

When are primary teeth replaced by permanent teeth?

Answer 13

Age 5/6-12

Question 14

Why is tooth care important?

Answer 14

Decay in baby teeth can work down into the permanent teeth.

Question 15

What foods is dental care most important for?

Answer 15

Foods high in starches and simple carbohydrates - these stimulate acid that erodes enamel.

Question 16

What’s the deal with flouride?

Answer 16

• thought to prevent decay, so added to toothpaste and water

- also a teratogen if in too high of doses

Question 17

Define malocclusion (causes)

Answer 17

when permanent upper and lower teeth don’t meet properly

- causes: heredity, accident, early loss of primary teeth, thumb-sucking, permanent teeth crooked/crowded

Question 18

What happens to the eustachian tube in middle childhood?

Answer 18

(links inner ear to upper throat)

- becomes more long and curvy, helping reduce incidence of ear infection

Question 19

define myopia

Answer 19

near-sightedness (near vision is clear; distant vision is blurry)
- emerges 8-12 years

Question 20

how many children are myopic?

Answer 20

25%

Question 21

Describe Salman’s work regarding the role of the cerebellum in motor skills

Answer 21

It mediates motor movements, sensory perception, and precise timing needed to carry out an activity like kicking a ball. This emphasizes that development occurs in multiple systems and requires careful coordination by the central nervous system.

Question 22

Describe gender differences in motor skills

Answer 22

• girls tend to excel at fine motor skills, flexibility, and balance
• boys excel in gross-motor skills requiring balance
• girl develop more fat and less muscle
• many people emphasize sports more with boys

Question 23

what are benefits of being physically active for children?

Answer 23

• muscle/bone growth
• cardiovascular health
• establishes a lifelong habit of exercise

Question 24

besides exercise, what are other benefits of sports?

Answer 24

• social skills - team work

- cognitive skills - strategies, new rules

Question 25

What does CFLRI stand for

Answer 25

Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle research Institute

Question 26

what did the CFLRI find out?

Answer 26

• in PE class, children spend 20% of time standing around
• only 16% of schools offer PE daily
• only 40% of those classes are taught by a PE teacher
• often families have to pay for equipment (esp. low-SES)

Question 27

What is the role of the adults in children’s sports?

Answer 27

• when they encourage players and emphasize skill development, improves skills and increases self-esteem
• when they emphasize winning, children lose interest and drop out

Question 28

why are middle-childhood children at risk for injury?

Answer 28

improved motor skills + independence

- resist efforts from parents to keep them safe