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PMR > case unit 1 - cholera > Flashcards

case unit 1 - cholera Flashcards

1
Q

which averages should you use for quantitative data

A

median

mean

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2
Q

why is the mode not useful for quantitative data

A

there might be more than one mode
each value in the study might only appear once
mode could be a high or low number (far from middle)

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3
Q

what methods do you use to quantify variation?

A

sd
iqr
range

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4
Q

benefits of case report study design

A

can identify new trends/diseases
helps detect new drug side effects
identifies rare manifestations of a disease

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5
Q

case report study

A

reports a new case of newly identified symptoms or outcomes
observation of symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of the individual case
presents hypothesis to be confirmed by another study type

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6
Q

types of observational study

A

case report
case control
cohort

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7
Q

limitations of case report study

A

may not be able to generalise the individual cases
report not based on systematic studies
other possible explanations for outcomes
report only focuses on rare event, may be misleading

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8
Q

case control study

A

‘retrospective’ - disease has already occurred
compares patients with disease to those without
evaluates relationships between risk factors and disease
estimates odds

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9
Q

benefits of case control study

A

good for studying rare diseases
takes little time as disease has already occurred
multiple risk factors can be studied at the same time
risk factor-disease associations can be established

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10
Q

limitations of case control

A

problems with data quality and data relies on memory
recall bias as people remember worse things
hard to find suitable control group

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11
Q

cohort study

A

evaluations of causative risk factors determined after following cohort populations during their disease
measurements taken of outcomes

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12
Q

benefits of cohort study

A

subjects are matched which limits influence of confounding variables
standardisation of criteria/outcomes
easier and cheaper than rct

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13
Q

limitations of cohort study

A

difficult to identify cohorts due to confounding variables
no randomisation
blinding of subjects is difficult
takes time for outcome of interest to occur

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14
Q

randomised control study

A

subjects randomly assigned to control or intervention group

only variable studied is the expected difference between the groups

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15
Q

benefits of rct

A

no population bias due to randomisation
easier to mask/blind subjects
statistical analysis using known methods easy
clearly identified populations

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16
Q

limitations of rct

A

expensive
time-consuming
volunteering populations not representative of entire population
causation of disease not revealed

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17
Q

practice guidelines

A

produced by panel of experts
guidelines on prevention/treatment/diagnosis/prognosis of disease
informs health care professionals

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18
Q

systematic review

A

combines and summarises all information from previous studies on one health topic or question

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19
Q

meta-analysis

A

statistical method of combining results from different studies to increase statistical power

20
Q

what are kochs postulates used for?

A

establishing a causative relationship between microbe and disease

21
Q

what do koch’s postulates require

A

that the pathogen is present in all cases of the disease
that the pathogen can be isolated from the host and grown in pure culture
the pathogen grown in culture can cause the same disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible lab animal
that pathogen can then be re-isolated and be the same as the originally isolated pathogen

22
Q

aetiology

A

study of the manner of causation of the disease

23
Q

kuhn

A

paradigm shift

24
Q

what is meant by the term paradigm shift

A

a fundamental change in the basic concepts and experimental practices of a scientific disciplicne

25
Q

when does a paradigm shift occur

A

when there are enough significant anomalies that cannot be explained by the current paradigm

26
Q

why can pcr be used to detect viral dna in human tissue samples

A

viral dna sequences will be different to any human dna sequences

27
Q

outline process of pcr for viral dna

A

identify specifc viral dna sequence
make forward and reverse primers
mix sample and primers and heat to 96 to denature
cool to 60 to allow complementary base pairing - annealing
heat to 72 - optimum for dna polymerase- extension

28
Q

how do you separate dna after pcr

A

using agarose gel

separated on a size basis

29
Q

uses of qPCR

A

quantifies amount of a specific sequence of dna

quantifies expression levels of mRNA

30
Q

why do we need reverse transcriptase for qPCR

A

pcr only works on dna not rna

31
Q

what does reverse transcriptase do

A

converts mRNA to cDNA

32
Q

how is cDNA produced by PCR measured

A

by a dye that fluoresces when bound to DNA

33
Q

delta Ct

A

the change in expression in control sample

34
Q

uses of next generation sequencing

A

determining the DNA sequence of large numbers of different DNA molecules
genome sequencing
cDNA sequencing

35
Q

illumina next gen seq method

A

fragment the genome of dna
each fragment gets own area of machine
dna amplified into clusters
add coloured labelled nucleotides in rounds

36
Q

use of computer in next gen seq

A

rebuilds dna fragments

looks for overlapping sequences to assemble the gene

37
Q

deep sequencing

A

multiple sequencing to reduce error

38
Q

exome sequencing

A

only sequence part of the genome

39
Q

what is a variable

A

a set of characteristics (data values)

e.g. gender/systolic blood pressure

40
Q

types of variable

A

categorical

quantitative

41
Q

types of categorical variable

A

nominal - labelled, unordered

ordinal - ranked

42
Q

what type of variable is ‘disease severity’

A

ordinal

43
Q

relative frequency

A

way of describing categorical data

proportion or percentage

44
Q

bar chart

A

graphical description of categorical data

45
Q

ways to describe quantitative data

A

average
variation
symmetry

46
Q

relative quantification (RQ)

A

how many fold increase in expression

ussing delta ct on pcr cycle graph

PMR (9 decks)

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