case unit 5 - deniers + ethics

Question 1

what is the declaration of helsinki - 1964

Answer 1

an adaptation of the nuremberg code for biomedical research
informs legal ethical guidlines
binds physician to act in patients’ best interest

Question 2

what does the declaration of helsinki require an experiemtn to have

Answer 2

informed consent 
no unnecessary risk - minimise risk 
allow patient withdrawal
publish findings
dont target vulnerable groups
use most current treatment

Question 3

2 major contributions to modern ethical guidlines

Answer 3

nuremberg trials

tuskegee study

Question 4

contribution to human tissue act

Answer 4

alder hey tissue scandal

Question 5

nuremberg trials

Answer 5

1945-46

hearings of 22 nazi war criminals

Question 6

what were the nazis punished for in the nuremberg trials

Answer 6

illegal experimentation on prisoners
no consent
not allowed to withdraw

e.g. mass sterilisation

Question 7

when was the tuskegee study

Answer 7

1932-72
started before the declaration of helsinki
finished early

Question 8

what was the tuskegee study

Answer 8

study of untreated syphilis in negro males

Question 9

what was wrong was with the tuskegee study

Answer 9

syphilis treatment was withheld from subjects
no informed consent given
poor uneducated farmers targeted

Question 10

what did the tuskegee study induce

Answer 10

belmont report

ethical committees

Question 11

why do ethical principles need to be binding

Answer 11

research should benefit everyone

Question 12

what was the alder hey tissue scandal

Answer 12

1988-1995

tissue and organs were obtained and stored from children who died at the hospital

Question 13

what was wrong with the alder hey tissue scandal

Answer 13

no consent was given

Question 14

when was the human tissue act introduced

Answer 14

2004

Question 15

what was the wakefield MMR study

Answer 15

lancet paper - feb 1998
andrew wakefield

falsified results to claim MMR injection caused autism

Question 16

what did andrew wakefield do wrong

Answer 16

subjected autistic children to unnecessary invasive and unpleasant procedures
e.g. lumbar punctures
claimed they had been referred for treatment
conflicts of interest - financial gain
gave vaccine wihtout telling childrens GPs
altered facts

Question 17

what was andrew wakefields conflicts of interests

Answer 17

financial gain

production of his own measles vaccine

Question 18

what could have been improved for the wakefield study

Answer 18

more thorough checks by ethics committee

Question 19

what is the ‘theory of falsification’

Answer 19

the fact that a falsifiable hypothesis can be put to a test and be conceivably refuted

Question 20

what is a genuine test of a theory

Answer 20

a test that attempts to falsify it

Question 21

3 features of modern scientific thinking

Answer 21

testable
refutable
falsifiable