6.4 Resource Management - Food (Paper 2) Flashcards
(57 cards)
<p>What is <strong>foodsecurity</strong>?</p>
<p>Having access to sufficient, nutritious and affordable food</p>
<p>Which parts of the world<strong>consumehighnumbers</strong> of<strong>calories</strong>?</p>
<ul>
<li>Europe i.e. France</li>
<li>North America (i.e. Canada and USA)</li>
</ul>
<p>Which parts of the world<strong>consumelownumbers</strong> of <strong>calories</strong>?</p>
<ul>
<li>South East Asia i.e. Indonesia</li>
<li>Africa i.e. central Africa</li>
</ul>
<p>Which parts of the world have a<strong>high</strong>global food<strong>supply</strong>?</p>
<ul> <li>China</li> <li>India</li> <li>USA</li> <li>Brazil</li> <li>UK</li> </ul>
<p>Which parts of the world have a<strong>low</strong>global food<strong>supply</strong>?</p>
<p>Sub-Saharan Africa</p>
<p>Why do some countries have a<strong>high food production</strong>?</p>
<ul> <li>Reliable farming methods</li> <li>High levels of intensive farming</li> <li>Suitable climate</li> <li>Government investment</li> </ul>
<p>Why do some countries have a<strong>low food production</strong>?</p>
<ul> <li>Unreliable climate</li> <li>Frequent droughts</li> <li>Lack of investment / training</li> </ul>
<p>Name some areas of the world have<strong>foodinsecurity</strong>?</p>
<ul> <li>Sub-Saharan Africa</li> <li>Afghanistan</li> <li>Bangladesh</li> </ul>
<p>What is meant by '<strong>food surplus'</strong>?</p>
<p>A country that produces more food than it demands</p>
<p>What is meant by '<strong>food deficit</strong>'?</p>
<p>A country that produces less food than it demands</p>
<p>Why is<strong>food consumptionincreasing</strong>?</p>
<ul>
<li>Increasing global population</li>
<li>Increasing wealth/affluence</li>
</ul>
<p>How does<strong>economic development</strong>cause food<strong>consumption</strong>to<strong>increase</strong>?</p>
<p>People can afford more variety of foods</p>
<p>Wealthy countries import large amounts of produce</p>
<p>Industrialising countries experience increasing populations which increases food demand</p>
<p>List the<strong>impacts</strong>of food insecurity</p>
<ul> <li>Famine</li> <li>Undernutrition</li> <li>Soil erosion</li> <li>Rising food prices</li> <li>Conflict</li> </ul>
<p>What is '<strong>famine</strong>'?</p>
<p>A large scale shortage of food which leads to populations becoming malnourished</p>
<p>What can cause<strong>famine</strong>?</p>
<p>Drought leading to crop failure</p>
<p>Political conflict</p>
<p>What are the<strong>consequences</strong>of famine?</p>
<ul> <li>Serious malnourishment</li> <li>Weakness and inability to work</li> <li>Too weak to fight infection/ disease</li> <li>Death</li> </ul>
<p>What is<strong>undernutrition</strong>?</p>
<p>Lack of a balanced diet</p>
<p>What are the<strong>impacts</strong>of<strong>malnutrition</strong>?</p>
<ul> <li>Weight loss</li> <li>Health issues</li> <li>Deficiency in vitamins and minerals</li> <li>Death</li> </ul>
<p>How does<strong>soil erosion</strong>link to food insecurity?</p>
<p>Insufficient knowledge of technology to effectively farm can lead to over cultivation of land. This dries out the soil and exposes it to winds which erode the soil. Cattle may overgraze or too many trees may be remove which causes soils to bake</p>
<p>Identify the<strong>physicalfactors</strong>that can cause food insecurity</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Climate</strong>- too hot or dry to grow food</li>
<li><strong>Waterstress</strong>- inability to water crops</li>
<li><strong>Pests / disease</strong>- inability to protect crops from diseases which can destroy a yield</li>
</ol>
<p>Identify the<strong>humanfactors</strong>that can cause food insecurity</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Poverty</strong>- not being able to afford to buy or effectively grow foods</li>
<li><strong>Technology</strong>- not having the equipment to produce food</li>
<li><strong>Conflict</strong>- makes it difficult to obtain food, some militant groups may prevent food reaching places</li>
</ol>
<p>How does<strong>foodinsecurity</strong>lead to increased food prices?</p>
<ul>
<li>Lower supply and high demand</li>
<li>Rising cost of transport / fertilizers etc</li>
</ul>
<p>How does<strong>foodinsecurity</strong>lead to<strong>socialunrest</strong>?</p>
<p>Food riots when supply is low - often coincide with high food prices</p>
<p>How can food production been<strong>increased</strong>?</p>
<ul> <li>Irrigation</li> <li>Aeroponics and hydroponics</li> <li>The 'new' green revolution</li> <li>Biotechnology</li> <li>Appropriate technology</li> </ul>
What is irrigation?
Artificially watering land/crops
How does irrigation increase food supply?
- Irrigation can be used when there are water shortages
- Drip irrigation uses less water but directly waters crops
What are aeroponics?
Plants that are suspended in the air. They don't need soil to grow
What are hydroponics?
Plants that grow in gravel mixed with a nutrient solution
How do aeroponics and hydroponics increase food supply?
- As they don't require soil and much water, they are a more reliable yield
- Less likely to be affected by disease/pests
- Seasonal goods can be grown throughout the year
What is the 'new' green revolution?
A sustainable approach to farming that is more environmentally friendly that the initial Green Revolution of the 1950-60s
How does the new Green Revolution increase food supply?
- Produces crops that are genetically modified to resist some diseases
- Move towards more organic farming methods to improve soil quality
- Use of irrigation
What is biotechnology?
Genetically modifying crops to improve yield
How does biotechnology increase food production?
- Genetically modified crops can withstand disease
- More resistant to drought
- Requires fewer resources to grow
What is meant by 'appropriate technology'?
Technologies that are appropriate, suitable and affordable for the farmers that use them
How does using appropriate technology increase food production?
Examples include water harvesting systems, drip irrigation, bicycles used to de-husk coffee beans. These strategies improve ability to produce crops quickly and efficiently
What is the Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS)?
An irrigation system that provides water for Pakistan's farm land. It has 3 large dams with smaller dams to regulate water between the rivers connected in the system
What are the advantages of Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS)?
- More water provided for crop production = higher yields
- Dams have provided potential for HEP
- More variety of food which has improved diets Increased profits from exported foods
What are the disadvantages of Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS)?
- Conflict over share of water
- Increased salinisation can be detrimental to soil quality
- Dams are costly to repair and maintain
- Water held in reservoirs evaporates in the summer
What is 'sustainability'?
The ability to meet the needs of the current population without compromising the ability for future generations to meet their own needs
What is organic farming?
Farming without using fertilizers or pesticides
How can organic farming create a more sustainable food supply?
- More natural and less damaging to the environment
- Lack of fertilizers and pesticides means less of a reliance on unsustainable resources
- Reduction in air miles are food tends to be sold locally
What is 'permaculture'?
Producing food in a way that mimics natural ecosystems
How can permaculture create a more sustainable food supply?
- Individuals encouraged to grown own foods
- Altering diets to fit what is naturally produced
- Eat organic and locally sourced food
- Practicing crop rotation so to not exhaust soils
- Growing a mix of crops to make use of space and light
What is 'urban farming'?
Using land in urban areas to farm e.g. roof tops, abandoned land
How can urban farming create a more sustainable food supply?
- Range of fresh foods available which improves diet
- Creates employment
- Adds greenery to cities
- Urban areas become less dependent on intensive agricultural practices
- Attracts wildlife to cities
How can sourcing meat and fish from sustainable sources create a more sustainable food supply?
- Reduces over fishing
- Cattle rearing often involves clearing land and is generally bad for the environment
- Grass-fed meat provides natural manure for soil
- Organic farming reduces waste, chemicals and energy used
How can seasonal food consumption create a more sustainable food supply?
Eating food that is in season reduces the amount of food that has to be imported. E.g. eating peaches outside of UK harvest means they have to be imported meaning more food miles
What actions can be taken to reduce food waste?
- Sealed plastic bags to preserve food for longer
- Educate public on 'best before' and 'use by' labels
- Changing approach to food past its 'sell by'
- More careful food storage
How can reducing food waste create a more sustainable food supply?
- Schemes such as 'Love Food Hate Waste' encourages and educates people on how to avoid food waste
- Encouraging composting reduces landfill
- Reducing waste will reduce demand
What is agroforestry?
Growing crops in amongst trees
How is agroforestry appropriate for countries like Mali?
Desertification is likely as the land is dry therefore, planting crops under the shade of trees improves the nutrient and moisture content of the soil and prevents soil erosion
How does agroforestry work in Mali?
Farmers plant crops amongst trees. The plants add nitrogen to the soil which means no fertilizers need to be added. Leaf litter adds further nutrients to soil. Trees protect crops from wind
How is agroforestry in Mali an example of sustainable food supplies?
- Increases food production
- Maintains soil health
- Doesn't rely on overuse of chemicals
- Can be used continuously
What are the environmental impacts of the mechanisation of farming?
- Hedgerows have been removed to make space for larger fields. This has caused biodiversity to be lost
- Soil erosion has increased as a result of heavy machinery being used more often
- More and more chemicals are being used in the farming process. If these chemicals find their way into watercourses, biodiversity can be harmed
What are the environmental imapcts of commercial fishing?
- Species can become endangered if they are over-fished
- Over-fishing also threatens other species in the same ecosystem
- Seafloor habitats can be harmed by dredging
- Overcrowded fish farms produce large amounts of waste, which can cause algal blooms if released into natural ecosystems. Algal blooms cause the oxygen content of the water to decrease, leading to the death of other organisms
What are the environmental imapcts of deforestation?
- Fewer trees mean the soil is held together less tightly, and so heavy rain can lead to soil erosion and potential landslides and flooding
- Fewer trees mean more water hits the soil, leading to lower soil fertility because soil nutrients get washed away more regularly
- Fewer trees mean less carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by photosynthesis
- Clearing forests by burning releases carbon dioxide
What are the environmentsal impacts of mining?
- Surface mining can cause landscape scarring
- Methane and carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere as a result of mining processes
- Deforestation is necessary to make space for mines and access roads. This leads to loss of biodiversity and increased soil erosion
