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Nervous System > Retinal Disorders > Flashcards

Retinal Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

when examining the fundus which vessels are lighter veins or arteries?

A

arteries (veins are darker)

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2
Q

what does biometry calculate?

A

lens power

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3
Q

in a fluorescein angiography what part of the eye should be impermeable to fluorescein?

A

> inner blood retinal barrier (retinal capillaries)

> outer blood retinal barrier (zonula occludens)

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4
Q

what are choriocapillaris permeable to in a fluorescein angiography?

A

free fluorescein (unbound to serum proteins)

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5
Q

describe the process of a fluorescein angiography

A

> fluorescein in given to the patient
white light from the camera flash id passed through a blue excitation filter
this blue light excites the fluorescein the blood vessels.
when the picture is being taken the filter is changed to green
green and blue light then exits the eye, only green light enters the camera

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6
Q

what could hypofluoresence in a fluorescein angiography indicate?

A

blockage and no filling

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7
Q

name some investigations for retinal disorders

A

> fluorescein angiography
optical coherence tomography
electrophysiological tests

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8
Q

what is optical coherence tomography?

A

a non-invasive imaging technique that takes a cross sectional image of the retina showing the distinct layers

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9
Q

what are electrophysiology tests?

A

a series of investigations recording electrical signals from the eye, optic nerve and brain in response to visual stimuli

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10
Q

describe an electroretinogram (ERG)

A

this measures retinal function by recording action potentials within the retina:
> a wave from photoreceptors
> b wave from mullers cells

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11
Q

describe an electro-oculogram

A

> measures function of RPE and photoreceptors
measures resting potential difference between RPE and photoreceptors
-maximum potential difference in light adapted eye
- maximum potential difference in dark adapted eye

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12
Q

name the ratio measured in electro-oculogram EOG

A

arden ratio

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13
Q

describe visually evoked potential VEP investigations

A

> records optic nerve function

> measures electrical activity in the visual cortex in response to wither a flashing light or checker board pattern

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14
Q

what would a reduced amplitude in visually evoked potentials imply?

A

> reduced cell number

> ischaemic/traumatic neuropathy

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15
Q

what would latency in visually evoked potentials imply?

A

> reduced cell function

> optic neuritis

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16
Q

name some common causes of central retinal vein occlusion

A

> hypertension
glaucoma
hyperviscosity
inflammation

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17
Q

name some conditions resulting in a sudden painless loss of vision

A 
> central retinal vein occlusion
> central retinal artery occlusion
> ischaemic optic neuropathy
> stroke
> vitreous haemorrhage
> retinal detachment
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18
Q

what are some common causes of central retinal artery occlusion?

A

> emboli

> inflammation

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19
Q

describe the appearance of the fundus in central retinal artery occlusion

A

it is very pale with a red spot in the central area

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20
Q

name two types of ischaemic optic neuropathy

A

> arteritic

> non-arteritic

21
Q

what is happening in ischaemic optic neuropathy?

A

the optic nerve is not receiving any blood supply and is becoming oedemic

22
Q

describe the symptoms seen in giant cell arteritis

A 
> headache
> scalp tenderness
> jaw claudication
> neck pain
> nausea
> loss of vision
23
Q

what is raised in giant cell arteritis?

A

inflammatory markers

24
Q

what symptoms and signs are seen in optic neuritis?

A 
> pain on eye movement
> reduced vision
> red desaturation
> central scotoma
> relative afferent pupil defect
> swollen optic disc
25
Q

name some conditions that could cause a gradual painless loss of vision

A 
> cataracts
> refractive error
> age related macular degeneration
> open angle glaucoma
> diabetic retinopathy
> hypertensive retinopathy
> inherited retinal dystrophies
> drug induced retinopathy
26
Q

describe the vision loss in macular degeneration

A

there is progressive loss of central vision (and ability to see colour can also decrease0

27
Q

what are the risk factors associated with age related macular degeneration?

A

> age
smoking
poor diet

28
Q

what is seen on the retina in diabetic retinopathy?

A 
> capillary non-perfusion
> micro aneurysm
> capillary fallout
> cotton wool spots
> exudates
29
Q

what can happen in advanced diabetic retinopathy?

A

membranes can develop and the retina is pulled out

30
Q

what is the treatment option for diabetic retinopathy?

A

laser treatment saving the posterior fold

31
Q

what are retinal dystrophies?

A

series of inherited conditions affecting photoreceptor function leading to progressive loss of vision

32
Q

name some photoreceptor dystrophies

A

> retinitis pignemtosa
cone dystrophy
lebers congenital amaurosis

33
Q

name some RPE-dystrophies

A

> best’s vitelliform macular dystrophy
stargardt macular dystrophy
sorsby macular dystrophy
north Carolina macular dystrophy

34
Q

name some choroidal dystrophies

A

> choroideraemia

> gyrate atrophy

35
Q

name some vitreoretinal dystrophies

A

> stickler syndrome

> congenital retinoschisis

36
Q

is photopic ERG reduced or raised in cone dystrophy?

A

reduced

37
Q

is cone dystrophy dominant or x linked recessive?

A

both! (IDK how or why but that s what it says)

38
Q

is best’s vitelliform macular dystrophy dominant or recessive?

A

dominant

39
Q

is stargardt macular dystrophy recessive or dominant?

A

recessive

40
Q

is sorsby macular dystrophy dominant or recessive?

A

dominant

41
Q

is north Carolina macular dystrophy dominant or recessive?

A

dominant

42
Q

describe the inheritance of choroideraemia

A

it is x linked recessive

43
Q

describe the pathophysiology of choroideraemia

A

there is dystrophy of the choroid so there is not much blood supply to the retina leaving it quite pale

44
Q

is gyrate atrophy dominant or recessive?

A

recessive

45
Q

what drugs can induce retinopathy?

A

> antimalarials
phenothiazines
tamoxifen

46
Q

what accumulates in the back of the eye is central serous retinopathy?

A

fluid

47
Q

name some acquired maculopathies associated with age

A

> idiopathic macular hole

> epiretinal membrane

48
Q

for what is gene therapy used?

A

choroideraemia

Nervous System (45 decks)

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