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Anatomy > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anatomy

A

The study of the structure of the human body

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2
Q

Define morphology

A

The science of form

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3
Q

Define physiology

A

The study of body function

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4
Q

Define Functional Anatomy

A

How the structure is designed to meet the functional needs of the body

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5
Q

Name 3 main sub disciplines of anatomy

A

Gross, Surface, Microscopic

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6
Q

Define Gross Anatomy

A

What you can see with the naked eye

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7
Q

Define regional anatomy

A

Subtopic of gross; one region of the body and you look at all systems of that area

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8
Q

Define Systemic anatomy

A

Subtopic of gross; identify each system individually

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9
Q

Define Surface Anatomy

A

Allows you to locate where internal structures are

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10
Q

Define Microscopic Anatomy

A

Uses microscopes to see tissues and cells, helpful because most disease occurs at this level

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11
Q

Define Developmental Anatomy

A

All changes in the body from birth to death

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12
Q

Define Embryology

A

How organs for and change over time before birth

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13
Q

Define pathological anatomy

A

Changes that occur structurally during the process of disease

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14
Q

Define radiographic anatomy

A

Study internal structures via use of imaging techniques

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15
Q

Define Functional morphology

A

How well do the structures work and how does disease change their efficiency and ability to do the job they are supposed to do

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16
Q

Describe the purpose of anatomical terminology

A

Provides a standard nomenclature worldwide

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17
Q

Describe the hierarchy of structural organization

A

Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level

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18
Q

Describe the integumentary system

A

Skin, hair, nails; forms external body covering, protects internal organs from injury from the environment, helps to regulate body temperature, synthesizes vitamin D, site of cutaneous receptors

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19
Q

Describe the Skeletal System

A

Internal, protects and supports organs, provides a frameworks for muscles, blood cells are formed within the bones, store minerals

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20
Q

Describe the muscular system

A

Composed of skeletal muscle, allows manipulation of environment, provides expressions, locomotion, maintains posture, produces heat

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21
Q

Describe the nervous system

A

Regulatory system that is fast acting and responds to internal and external changes. Has short lived responses using neurotransmitters

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22
Q

Describe the endocrine system

A

Regulatory system with glands that secrete regulating hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and nutrient use. Has a longer lived response and slower in response time

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23
Q

Describe the cardiovascular system

A

Blood vessels transport blood carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes.

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24
Q

What are the 3 components of the cardiovascular system?

A

Heart, blood, interconnected vessels

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25
Q

Describe the lymphatic system

A

Helps with immunity, picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels, disposes of debris in the system, houses white blood cells, attacks foreign substances in the body

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26
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes?

A

They filter fluids

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27
Q

Describe the respiratory system

A

Keeps blood supplied with oxygen, removes carbon dioxide, gas exchanges occurs through walls of air sacs in the lungs

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28
Q

Describe the digestive system

A

Takes in nutrients, breaks down food into absorbable units, indigestible food is eliminated as feces

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29
Q

Describe the urinary system

A

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes, regulates water, electrolyte, and acid base balance, eliminates breakdown products in urine

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30
Q

Describe the reproductive systems

A

Function is to produce offspring, testes, ovaries, mammary glands

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31
Q

Describe the axial region

A

Axis of the body; head, neck, trunk

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32
Q

Describe the appendicular region

A

Appendages (Legs/Arms)

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33
Q

Cephalic

A

Head

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34
Q

Frontal

A

Forehead

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35
Q

Orbital

A

Eyes

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36
Q

Nasal

A

Nose

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37
Q

Oral

A

mouth

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38
Q

Mental

A

Chin

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39
Q

Cervical

A

Neck

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40
Q

Thoracic

A

Sternal, axillary, mammary

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41
Q

Sternal

A

Sternum

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42
Q

Axillary

A

Armpit

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43
Q

Mammary

A

Nipple

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44
Q

Umbilical

A

Belly Button

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45
Q

Inguinal

A

Groin

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46
Q

Pubic

A

Genital

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47
Q

Acromial

A

Shoulder

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48
Q

Brachial

A

Upper Arm

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49
Q

Antecubital

A

Elbow; anterior

50
Q

Antebrachial

A

Forearm

51
Q

Carpal

A

Wrist

52
Q

Manus

A

Hand

53
Q

Pollex

A

Thumb

54
Q

Palmar

A

Palm

55
Q

Digital

A

Fingers

56
Q

Coxal

A

hip

57
Q

Femoral

A

Thigh

58
Q

Patellar

A

Knee

59
Q

Crural

A

Calf; anterior

60
Q

Fibular/peroneal

A

Entire calf

61
Q

Pedal

A

Foot

62
Q

Tarsal

A

Ankle

63
Q

Metatarsa

A

mid-foot

64
Q

Digital

A

Toes

65
Q

Hallux

A

Big toe

66
Q

Cephalic

A

Back of head; otic, ocipital

67
Q

Otic

A

Ear

68
Q

Ocipital

A

Back of head

69
Q

Olecranal

A

Elbow; posterior

70
Q

Scapular

A

Scaps

71
Q

Lumbar

A

Lower back

72
Q

Sacral

A

Sacrum

73
Q

Gluteal

A

Butt

74
Q

Perineal

A

Between anus and external genitalia

75
Q

Popliteal

A

Knee; posterior

76
Q

Sural

A

Calf; posterior

77
Q

Calcaneal

A

Heel

78
Q

Plantar

A

Arch of foot

79
Q

What directional terms only apply to the limbs?

A

Proximal and distal

80
Q

What directional terms are used in place of superior/inferior?

A

Cranial/caudal

81
Q

The same side

A

Ipsilateral

82
Q

Opposing sides

A

contralateral

83
Q

What other directional term can be used for anterior/posterior?

A

Ventral/dorsal

84
Q

What other directional terms can be used for superficial/deep?

A

External/internal

85
Q

What is another term for frontal plane?

A

Coronal

86
Q

Describe a sagittal plane

A

Vertical, divides body to left and right parts

87
Q

Describe a parasagittal plane

A

Offset from midline

88
Q

Describe a transverse plane

A

Runs horizontally, divides body into superior and inferior parts

89
Q

What plane allows you to see all four chambers of the heart?

A

Frontal/coronal plane

90
Q

What does oblique mean?

A

At an angle

91
Q

Name the 6 anatomical features of vertebrates

A

Tube within a tube, bilateral symmetry, dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord and vertebrae, segmentation, pharyngeal pouches

92
Q

What are the pharyngeal pouches on humans?

A

Develop into pharynx and middle ear

93
Q

What is included in the dorsal body cavity?

A

Cranial and vertebral

94
Q

What is included in the ventral body cavity?

A

Thoracic cavity and mediastinum, abdominopelvic cavity

95
Q

Describe the parts of the thoracic cavity

A

Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity

96
Q

Describe the mediastinum

A

Contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac

97
Q

Describe the parts of the abdominopelvic cavity

A

Abdominal cavity contains the liver, stomach, kidneys and the pelvic cavity contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum

98
Q

Describe the serous cavities

A

Slitlike space lined by a serous membrane

99
Q

What is the function of serous fluid?

A

To fill space and reduce friction

100
Q

Parietal serosa

A

Outer wall of the cavity

101
Q

Visceral serosa

A

Covers the visceral organs

102
Q

Describe the 9 abdominal regions

A

Right/left hypochondriac regions, epigastric region, right/left lumbar region, umbilical region, right/left iliac region, hypogastric region

103
Q

Describe light microscopy

A

Illuminates tissue with a beam of light, uses staining (H&E), lower magnification

104
Q

Describe electron microscopy

A

Uses beams of electrons, see more details, can artificially color the image

105
Q

Describe scanning electron microscopy

A

Gives 3D structure through electrons bouncing off of the image

106
Q

Transmission electron microscopy

A

Gives internal view through a heavy metal salt stain, deflects electrons in the beam to different extents

107
Q

What are artifacts?

A

Minor distortions of preserved tissues

108
Q

What are the positives and negatives of X-Ray?

A

Cheap, good with bones and various densities, portable, noninvasive; not good for tissues, hard to visualize overlapping structures, exposed to ionizing radiation

109
Q

Computed tomography positives and negatives

A

3D images, sharp, better quality than X-Ray; exposed to radiation, requires an expert to read, not portable, very expensive

110
Q

What does a CT scan do?

A

Takes successive X rays around a person’s full circumference

111
Q

Describe an angiography

A

Contrast medium highlights vessel structure, used to identify sources of internal bleeding, aneurisms, and atherosclerosis

112
Q

What is digital subtraction angiography?

A

Images taken before and after contrasts to identify blockages of arteries

113
Q

Describe a positron emission tomography

A

Forms images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body, indicates the level of activity and function of blood flow

114
Q

What are the positives/negatives of PET scans?

A

See real time metabolic activity, invasive, given radioactive glucose, expensive

115
Q

Describe sonography

A

Body is proper with pulses of high frequency sound waves that echo off of tissues, determines the age of a developing fetus, visualizes the gallbladder, detects atherosclerosis

116
Q

What are the positives and negatives of sonography?

A

Inexpensive, portable, no radiation, need an expert to read, not a sharp image, cannot use for lungs or bones

117
Q

What was the previous acronym for MRI?

A

NMR

118
Q

Describe a magnetic resonance imager

A

Produces high quality images of soft tissues by aligning and disarranging hydrogen atoms. Able to distinguish body tissues and can be assembled into 3D images

119
Q

Describe a functional MRI

A

Reveals the amount of oxygenated blood flowing to specific body regions and can show metabolic activity

120
Q

What are the positives and negatives of MRI?

A

Must be still for a long amount of time, not good for use of the GI tract, follow in real time

Anatomy (8 decks)

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