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Anatomy > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Function of Perichondrium

A

Surrounds cartilage, resists outward pressure, helps repair and growth of cartilage

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2
Q

Where are chondrocytes located?

A

Lacunae

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3
Q

Describe hyaline cartilage

A

Most abundant cartilage, very thin, ground substance holds a large amount of water, provides support through flexibility and resistance

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4
Q

Describe elastic cartilage

A

Contains many elastic fibers, able to tolerate repeated bending

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5
Q

Location of elastic cartilage

A

epiglottis and cartilage of external ear

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6
Q

Describe Fibrocartilage

A

Resists strong compression and strong tension, intermediate between hyaline and elastic cartilage, thick collagen fibers

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7
Q

Location of fibrocartilage

A

Pubic symphysis, menisci of knee, annulus fibrosis

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8
Q

Describe appositional growth

A

Grows from the outside, chondroblasts in surrounding perichondrium produce new cartilage

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9
Q

How does bone grow?

A

Through appositional growth

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10
Q

Describe interstitial growth

A

Chrondrocytes within cartilage divide and secret new matrix, pushes cells further apart

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11
Q

Why does cartilage repair slowly?

A

Little blood flow

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12
Q

Describe the function of bones

A

Support, movement, protection, mineral storage, blood cell formation, energy metabolism

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13
Q

3 cell types in bone

A

Osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes

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14
Q

Describe osteogenic cells

A

Stem cells that differentiate into osteoblast; produce matrix

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15
Q

Describe osteoblasts

A

Produce and secrete bone matrix (Osteoid)

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16
Q

Describe osteocytes

A

Keep bone matrix health after osteoids calcify

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17
Q

Describe osteoclasts

A

Found in bone tissue and are responsible for the respiration of bone, derived from white blood cells and secrete hydrochloric acid and lysosomal enzymes

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18
Q

3 parts of long bone

A

Proximal/distal epiphysis and diaphysis

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19
Q

Describe a sesamoid bone

A

Form within a tendon, short bone

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20
Q

Examples of irregular bones

A

Vertebrae and facial bones

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21
Q

Describe the structure of a long bone

A

Diaphysis and epiphysis, blood vessels, medullary cavity (yellow marrow), membranes

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22
Q

3 membranes of a long bone

A

Periosteum, endosperm, perforating collagen bundles (Sharpy’s fibers)

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23
Q

Defining structure of short, irregular and flat bones

A

Contain bone marrow but no cavity

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24
Q

Describe trabeculae

A

Compression/tension lines of long bones (Made of spongy bone)

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25
Q

3 categories of bone markings

A

Projections for muscle attachment, surfaces that form joints, depressions/openings

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26
Q

Tuberosity

A

Large, rounded projection

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27
Q

Crest

A

Narrow ridge of bone

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28
Q

Trochanter

A

Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (Only on femur)

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29
Q

Line

A

Narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than crest

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30
Q

Epicondyle

A

Raised area on or above a condyle

31
Q

Process

A

Any bony prominence

32
Q

Head

A

Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

33
Q

Facet

A

Smooth, nearly flat articular surface

34
Q

Condyle

A

Rounded articular projection, often articulates with fossa

35
Q

Foramen

A

Round or oval opening through bone

36
Q

Groove

A

Furrow

37
Q

Fissure

A

Narrow, slitlike

38
Q

Notch

A

Indentation at the edge of a structure

39
Q

Fossa

A

Shallow basin-like depression of bone often serving as an articular surface

40
Q

Meatus

A

Canal like passageway

41
Q

Sinus

A

Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

42
Q

Describe osteon

A

Long cylindrical structures that function in support

43
Q

What do osteons contain?

A

Lamellae, central canal, perforating canals, canaliculi

44
Q

Define ossification

A

Bone tissue formation

45
Q

What are membrane bones formed from?

A

Directly from mesenchyme

46
Q

Formed by mesenchyme

A

Intramembranous ossification

47
Q

Formed from hyaline cartilage

A

Endochondrial ossification

48
Q

Steps of intramembranous ossification

A

Ossification centers appear in fibrous connective tissue membrane, Osteoid is secreted within fibrous membrane and calcifies, Woven bone and periosteum form, Lamellar bone replaces woven bone. red marrow appears

49
Q

Steps of Endochondral ossification

A
  1. Bone collar forms around diaphysis
  2. Cartilage in center of diaphysis calcifies and develops cavities
  3. Periosteal bud invades internal cavities and spongy bone forms
  4. Diaphysis elongates and medullary cavity forms. Secondary ossification centers appear in epiphysis
  5. Epiphyses ossify, hyaline cartilage remains only in epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages
50
Q

Epiphyseal plate growth of long bone steps

A

Resting Area

  1. Proliferation zone: Mitosis
  2. Hypertrophic Zone: Older cells enlarge
  3. Calcification Zone: Matrix calcifies, cartilage cells die, matrix deteriorates
  4. Ossification Zone: New bone forms
51
Q

When do long bones stop growing?

A

Diaphysis and epiphysis fuse

52
Q

3 hormones that regulate bone growth

A

Growth, thyroid, sex hormones

53
Q

Function of growth hormone

A

Stimulates epiphyseal plates to divide more often

54
Q

Function of thyroid hormone

A

Ensures that skeleton retains proper proportions

55
Q

Function of sex hormones

A

Promote bone growth, induces closure of epiphyseal plates

56
Q

When is cancellous bone replaced?

A

3-4 years

57
Q

When is compact bone replaced?

A

10 years

58
Q

Where does bone deposit and removal happen?

A

Periosteal and endosteal surfaces

59
Q

Describe bone deposition

A

Accomplished by osteoblasts

60
Q

Describe bone reabsorption

A

Accomplished by osteoclasts

61
Q

Describe open reduction

A

Need surgery

62
Q

Describe closed reduction

A

Can manipulate and line without surgery

63
Q

Stages of healing a bone fracture

A
  1. Hematoma
  2. Fibrocartilagenous callus forms
  3. Bony callus forms
  4. Bone remodeling occurs (Small bump is left)
64
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

Bone fragments into 3 or more pieces

65
Q

Compression fracture

A

Bone is crushed, common in osteoporotic bones

66
Q

Spiral fracture

A

Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone

67
Q

Epiphyseal fracture

A

Epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate; where cartilage cells are dying

68
Q

Depressed fracture

A

Broken bone portion is pressed inward (Skull)

69
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

Bone breaks incompletely, only one side of the shaft breaks; common in chldren

70
Q

Describe osteoporosis

A

Low bone mass, bone reabsorption outpaces deposition, occurs mostly in women after menopause

71
Q

Describe osteomalacia

A

Bones are inadequately mineralized, do not ossify

72
Q

Describe rickets

A

Analogous to osteomalacia, vit. D or calcium phosphate deficiency

73
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

Bone cancer, usually in long bone, detected due to pain and swelling of diaphysis (Usually at knee)

Anatomy (8 decks)

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